Week 2

Question 1

of bones in axial skeleton

Answer 1

80

Question 2

of bones in appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

126

Question 3

skeletal functions

Answer 3

1. protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc…
2. support to maintain posture
3. movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers
4. mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus
5. hemopoiesis- in vertebral bodies, femurs, humerus, ribs, and sternum

Question 4

types of bones

Answer 4

long bones- humerus, fibula
short bones- carpals, tarsals
flat bones- skull, scapula
irregular bones- pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles
sesamoid bones- patella

Question 5

Long bones

Answer 5

composed of long, cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends

shaft contains medullary canal

Question 6

short bones

Answer 6

small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone

Question 7

flat bones

Answer 7

usually have a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin

Question 8

Irregular bones

Answer 8

include bones throughout entire spine and ischium, pubis, and maxilla

Question 9

sesamoid bones

Answer 9

small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units

Question 10

DIaphysis

Answer 10

long, cylindrical shaft

Question 11

cortex

Answer 11

hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

Question 12

periosteum

Answer 12

dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Question 13

endosteum

Answer 13

fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

Question 14

medullary (marrow) cavity

Answer 14

between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

Question 15

epiphysis

Answer 15

ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

Question 16

epiphyseal plate

Answer 16

growth plate. thin cartilage plate that separates diaphysis and epiphyses

Question 17

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Answer 17

covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

Question 18

Longitudinal bone growth

Answer 18

continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open. Shortly after adolescence, plates disappear and close. Most close by age 18, but some may be present until 25. Growth in Diameter of bone continues throughout life

Question 19

mechanisms of bone growth

Answer 19

internal layer of periosteum builds new concentric layers on old layers. Simultaneously, bone around sides of the medullary cavity is resorbed so that diameter is continually increased

Question 20

osteoblasts

Answer 20

cells that form new bone. Blast=Build

Question 21

osteoclasts

Answer 21

cells that resorb old bone

Question 22

Bone properties

Answer 22

Bone size and shape are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them.
Bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them.
Bone mass increases over time with increased stress.
Wolf’s law.

Question 23

Processes (elevations and projections) that form joints

Answer 23

condyle, facet, head

Question 24

Processes (elevations and projections) to which ligaments, muscles, or tendons attach

Answer 24

crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine (spinous process), suture, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

Question 25

Cavities (depressions)

Answer 25

facet, foramen, fossa, fovea, meatus, sinus, sulcus (groove).

Question 26

Articulation

Answer 26

connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones

Question 27

3 FUNCTIONAL classifications of joints

Answer 27

Synarthroidal, amphiarthroidal, diarthroidal

Question 28

3 STRUCTURAL classifications of joints

Answer 28

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 29

Synarthroidal joints

Answer 29

immovable joints.
sutures such as skull sutures
Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla. (Gomphosis is synarthroidal and fibrous).

Question 30

Amphiarthroidal joints

Answer 30

Slightly movable joints.

• Syndesmosis
• Symphysis
• Synchondrosis

Question 31

Syndesmosis

Answer 31

Amphiarthroidal. Fibrous.
Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membane that allows minimal movement between the bones.
Bones may or may not touch each other at the actual joint.
Example: distal tibiofibular joint.

Question 32

Symphysis

Answer 32

Amphiarthroidal. Cartilaginous.
Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones.
Example: symphysis pubis and intervertebral discs

Question 33

Synchondrosis

Answer 33

Amphiarthroidal. Cartilaginous.
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones.
Example: costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum.

Question 34

DIarthroidal Joints

Answer 34

Known as synovial joints. Freely movable. Composed of joint capsule which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint cavity. Have motion possible in one or more planes.
Slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint unloading
Secretes synovial fluid during subsequent weight bearing & compression maintaining and utilizing a joint through its normal ROM.

Question 35

Capsule thickenings in diarthroidal joints

Answer 35

form tough, non-elastic ligaments that provide additional support against abormal movement or joint opening.

Question 36

Type of cartilage in diarthroidal joints

Answer 36

Articular or hyaline. It covers the articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity.

absorbs shock
protects the bone

Question 37

Fibrocartilage discs in diarthroidal joints

Answer 37

Some diarthroidal joints have specialized fibrocartilage discs.

• medial and lateral menisci
• glenoid labrum
• acetabular labrum

Question 38

Arthroidal (gliding) joints

Answer 38

-2 planes or flat bony surfaces which touch each other.
-little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation.
-usually work together in a series of articulations.
Ex: vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction and adduction, & rotation (circumduction).

Question 39

Hinge joint

Answer 39

Diarthroidal
-uniaxial articulation
-articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane
Ex: elbow, knee, talocrural (ankle)

Question 40

Trochoid (pivot, screw) joint

Answer 40

Diarthroidal
Uniaxial articulation
Ex: atlantoaxial joint - odontoid which turns in a bony ring, proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints.

Question 41

Condyloid (knuckle joint)

Answer 41

Diarthroidal
Biaxial ball and socket joint.
One bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface.
Ex: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist articulation between carpals and radius.
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.

Question 42

Enarthroidal joint

Answer 42

Diarthroidal
Miltiaxial or triaxial ball and socket joint.
Bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface.
Ex: hip and shoulder joints.
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction and adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

Question 43

Sellar (saddle) joint

Answer 43

Diarthroidal.
Unique triaxial joint.
2 reciprocally concave and convex articular surfaces.
Only example is 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb.
Flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction and slight rotation.

Question 44

Movements in joints

Answer 44

Some joints permit only flexion and extension.
Others permit a wide range of movements, depending largely upon the joint structure.
Goniometer is used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure of joint angles.

Question 45

Using a goniometer

Answer 45

Goniometer is placed even with the axis of rotation at the joint line.
As the joint is moved, goniometer arms are held in place either along or parallel to long axis of bones on either side of joint.
Joint angle is then read from goniometer.