Week 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of ambulation?
The act, action, or an instance of moving about or walking.
Used chiefly in medical contexts.
What does the term ‘walking reflex’ refer to?
A primitive reflex involved in walking.
Define center of gravity (COG).
Approximately anterior to the second sacral vertebra and changes with body position and limb proportions.
What phases are involved in the normal forward step during gait?
- Stance phase
- Swing phase
What is the double-support phase in gait analysis?
The part of the cycle where both feet are in contact with the floor at the same time for about 25% of the time.
Define the stance phase: initial contact.
The beginning of the stance phase when the heel or another part of the foot contacts the ground.
What occurs during the loading response of the stance phase?
The portion from immediately after initial contact until the contralateral extremity leaves the ground.
What is mid-stance in the gait cycle?
The portion that begins when the contralateral extremity leaves the ground and ends when the body is directly over the supporting limb.
What is terminal stance?
The portion from mid-stance to just prior to initial contact of the contralateral extremity.
Describe the pre-swing phase.
The stance phase from initial contact of the contralateral extremity to just prior to liftoff of the reference extremity.
What happens during the initial swing phase?
The portion from when the reference extremity leaves the ground to maximal knee flexion of the same extremity.
Define mid-swing.
The portion of swing phase from maximum knee flexion of the reference extremity to a vertical tibial position.
What is terminal swing?
The portion from a vertical tibia of the reference extremity to just prior to initial contact.
What characterizes an antalgic gait?
- Avoidance of weight bearing on the affected side
- Shortening of the stance phase
- Attempt to unload the limb
How does an antalgic gait manifest in the hip?
Stance phase is shortened, swing phase is increased with circumduction at the hip.
What is the characteristic of an ataxic gait?
Characterized by broad base walking and slapping sound of feet during walking.
Define gluteus medius weakness (Trendelenburg gait).
An uncompensated limp where the pelvis dips more when the unaffected limb is in swing phase.
What is foot drop?
Weakness of the muscles assisting in dorsiflexion resulting in reduced toe clearance during swing phase.
What does the timed up and go test assess?
A screening tool to determine normal versus below normal mobility.
What is a dermatome?
Area of skin mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.
What are myotomes?
Muscles served by a spinal nerve root.
List the myotome associations for C5 to S1.
- C5 – Shoulder abduction
- C6 – Elbow flexion/ Wrist extension
- C7 – Elbow extension/ Wrist flexion
- C8 – Thumb extension
- T1 – Finger abduction
- L2 – Hip flexion
- L3 – Knee extension
- L4 – Ankle dorsiflexion
- L5 – Great toe extension
- S1 – Ankle plantarflexion
What is the muscular strength test associated with C5?
Shoulder abduction
C5 is responsible for shoulder abduction.
What actions are associated with the C6 myotome?
Elbow flexion, Wrist extension
C6 controls elbow flexion and wrist extension.
What is the function of the C7 myotome?
Elbow extension, Wrist flexion
C7 is involved in elbow extension and wrist flexion.
What is the primary movement associated with the C8 myotome?
Thumb extension (abductor pollicis brevis)
C8 controls thumb extension.
What action is linked to the T1 myotome?
Finger abduction
T1 is responsible for finger abduction.
What movement is associated with the L2 myotome?
Hip flexion
L2 controls hip flexion.
What is the function of the L3 myotome?
Knee extension
L3 is responsible for knee extension.
What action is associated with the L4 myotome?
Ankle dorsiflexion
L4 controls ankle dorsiflexion.
What movement is linked to the L5 myotome?
Great toe extension
L5 is responsible for great toe extension.
What action does the S1 myotome control?
Ankle plantarflexion
S1 is involved in ankle plantarflexion.
What is the grading scale for reflex response of 4+?
Very brisk response, with spread to other muscle groups
A 4+ reflex indicates a very brisk response.
What does a 3+ reflex response indicate?
Brisk response, often with spread to other muscle groups
A 3+ reflex indicates a brisk response.
What does a 2+ reflex response signify?
Active response
A 2+ reflex indicates an active response.
What does a 1+ reflex response indicate?
Diminished response, elicitation may require reinforcement
A 1+ reflex may require the Jendrassik Maneuver to elicit.
What does a 0 reflex response mean?
Absent
A 0 reflex indicates an absent response.
What is the stimulus and response for the jaw reflex?
Stimulus: Tap mandible; Response: Closure of jaw
This reflex involves the trigeminal nerve (CN 5).
What is the response when tapping the styloid process of the radius?
Flexion of elbow and pronation of forearm
This reflex involves the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6).
What happens when the biceps tendon is tapped?
Contraction of Biceps
This reflex is also associated with the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6).
What is the response when tapping the triceps tendon?
Extension of the elbow
This reflex involves the radial nerve (C6-C8).
What is the response when tapping the patellar tendon?
Extension of lower leg at the knee
This reflex is associated with the femoral nerve (L2-L4).
What happens when the Achilles tendon is tapped?
Plantar flexion at ankle
This reflex involves the tibial nerve (S1-S2).
What is assessed during the anal wink test?
Contraction of external anal sphincter
This response indicates neurological integrity and involves the pudendal nerve.
What spinal segments are involved in the anal wink reflex?
S2-S4
Damage to these segments may indicate interruption of the reflex arc.
what nerve and spinal segment is the maxillary reflex associated with
trigeminal nerve- CN 5
what nerve and spinal segment is the brachioradialis reflex associated with
C5 C6
musculcuntaneous nerve
what nerve and spinal segment is the biceps reflex associated with
C5 C6
musculcuntaneous nerve
what nerve and spinal segment is the triceps reflex associated with
C6, C7, C8
Radial nerve
what nerve and spinal segment is the patellar reflex associated with
L2, L3, L4
femoral nerve
what nerve and spinal segment is the achilles reflex associated with
S1, S2
tibial neve
