Week 1 Flashcards
What is the primary focus of orthopedics?
Correction or prevention of deformities, disorders, or injuries of the skeleton and associated structures such as tendons and ligaments.
What is OPQRST used for in orthopedic assessment?
To gather information about the patient’s symptoms: Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time.
What are the essential tests included in vital signs assessment?
- Body Temperature
- Blood Pressure
- Heart Rate
- Respiratory Rate
- Oxygen Saturation
What does PERRL stand for?
Pupils are Equal, Round, and Reactive to Light.
What does PROM stand for?
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures.
List the components of the SAMPLE history intake form.
- Signs & Symptoms
- Allergies
- Medication
- Past medical history
- Last oral intake
- Events leading to the condition
What does the term ‘active range of motion’ (AROM) refer to?
The degree of movement a patient can perform voluntarily.
What are Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)?
Patients’ report of their health status, ranging from informal comments to validated questionnaires.
PROMs allow for objective quantification of the patient’s pain, function, or severity of disease as perceived by the patient.
What is the purpose of Visual Analog Scales (VAS)?
To document disease-related symptom severity and classify symptom severity and disease control.
VAS are psychometric measuring instruments that provide statistically measurable and reproducible results.
What does the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire assess?
How low-back pain affects functional activities.
It consists of 24 items, with scores ranging from 0 (no disability) to 24 (severe disability).
What is the DASH questionnaire designed to evaluate?
Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs.
It consists of 30 items and includes optional modules for specific populations.
List three additional examples of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs).
- Von Korff Chronic Pain Scale (CPGS)
- Modified Von Korff Scale (MVK)
- McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)
Other examples include the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).
What are ‘RED FLAGS’ in patient history?
Signs and symptoms indicating possible serious medical conditions requiring further investigation.
RED FLAGS may suggest serious pathology but do not necessarily confirm it.
What is the referral timeframe for emergent medical conditions?
Immediate (911 type referrals).
Examples include severe shortness of breath and unrevivable loss of consciousness.
What symptoms indicate a need for urgent referral?
Frequent or severe abdominal pain, recent confusion in elderly patients after head trauma.
Urgent referrals typically occur within 24-48 hours.
What are the warning signs of cancer represented by the acronym CAUTION?
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious change in warts or moles
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
Each warning sign has specific symptoms to look for.
In Kyphosis-Lordosis posture, how is the thoracic spine positioned?
Increasing flexion (kyphosis)
What is the pelvic position in Kyphosis-Lordosis posture?
Anterior Tilt
What is the knee position in Kyphosis-Lordosis posture?
Slightly hyperextended
What is the ankle position in Kyphosis-Lordosis posture?
Slight plantar flexion
How does handedness affect posture in right-handed individuals?
Right shoulder is lower than the left, pelvic slightly deviated toward the right
How is Scoliosis classified?
Cervical Scoliosis, Thoracic Scoliosis, Lumbar Scoliosis
What is the Adam’s Forward Bend Test used for?
To examine Scoliosis
What is the difference between C-curve and S-curve Scoliosis?
C-curve presents fullness on one side; S-curve presents fullness on both sides
What is Dextroscoliosis?
Convexity of the spine to the right
What is Levoscoliosis?
Convexity of the spine to the left
What does the Cobb angle measure?
The curvature of the spine in degrees
What Cobb angle is regarded as the minimum to define Scoliosis?
10 degrees
What is Idiopathic Scoliosis?
Scoliosis with unknown cause, most common type
What characterizes Congenital Scoliosis?
Bony abnormality within the vertebrae leading to curvature
What is Neuromuscular Scoliosis?
Loss of muscle support to the spine due to nerve problems
What causes Degenerative Scoliosis?
Unequal degeneration of vertebral segments in adults
What does a normal lumbar forward bend look like?
Not provided
