Week 15 (The Hellenistic World) Flashcards
War & Politics
Division of Empire (c. 305 BC)
- Ptolemy: _____
- Seleucus: _______ Persian empire
- Antigonus: ____ _____/Central Persian empire + Hellas
- Lysimachus: ______
- Cassander: Macedonia
Egypt
Eastern
Asia Minor
Thrace
-“Hellenization”: the uneven spread of _____ language, culture, customs across the Eastern Mediterranean
- Overlapping mechanisms (ex. Macedonian kings (view themselves as _________ of Greek culture), colonies of soldiers (Alexander’s colonies of veterans), Greek immigrants, local elites adopting Greek cultures (some combination of local and Greek cultural elements)
Greek
defenders
Early Wars of Alexander’s Successors
- No apparent ____ to Alexander: _________ becomes regent
- Phillip III Arrhidaeus (deemed mentally deficient) supported by the Macedonian army
- Antipater: governor of southern Greece
- Perdiccas dies after mutiny from his soldiers (failing to capture Egypt): _________ becomes the new regent for Phillip III and Alexander IV
- Seleucus gains control of both central & eastern Persia (formerly) empire
- Antipater death (319 BC): Antigonus allies with Antipater’s son _________ against the new regent in Macedon, Polyperchon.
- Cassander victory (316 BC), gains Macedonia + Greece, orders the death of ________ (Alexander’s mother) (Phillip III & his wife dead as well)
heir, Perdiccas
Antipater
Cassander
Olympias
Early Wars of Alexander’s Successors Continued
- All successors turn against Antigonus: he gains broad support by promising Greek liberation, but surrenders in ___ BC (same year Alexander IV & Roxane killed)
- 307 BC: ________ I Poliorcetes (“The Besieger”), the son of Antigonus, invades Greece, takes Cyprus from Ptolemy I. Known for his patron of engineering, and use of coins tied to divinity.
- 301 BC: _________ defeated a final time by Lysimachus and Seleucus
311 BC
Demetrius
Antigonus
Hellenistic Ruler Portraiture
- Late 5th century onward, more common realistic artistic depictions of specific people or types of people = portraiture (ex. coins of the ______ of Lydia and Cara, Tissaphenes, beg. 412 BC)
- Similar to _________, Hellenistic rulers used portraiture to convey their right to rule by linking themselves to well known _______ (ex. owls) and power (military & economic) to legitimize rule
satrap
Alexander
symbols
Hellenistic Ruler Portraiture Continued
- ______ material portrait statues of Hellenistic rulers based on traditional Greek representations of heroes
- armored & equestrian statue types
- images of _________ frequently commissioned (most divinized) (ex. coins of Lysimachus = Alexander Zeus Ammon); characterized by defined musculature and ________ appearance (not too old, not too young) (ex. Terme Ruler c. early 1st cent. BC)
- Rulers present themselves as blessed by the ____/semi-divine (inclusion of divine attributes)
- don’t wear crowns, wear diadems (common symbol of military victory)
Bronze
Alexander
youthful
Hellenistic Ruler Portraiture Continued
- Portraits of Ptolemy I: Greek and ________ versions; coins of Ptolemy I with Zeus’s eagle
- Ptolemy example followed by later rulers (ex. Cleopatra VII)
Egypt
Hellenistic Kingdoms (3rd cent. BC)
- __________ = one of the most prosperous cities in Eastern Mediterranean
- Features: Mouseion: center for preservation and _____ of Greek heritage (intellectual center/ Library of Alexandria) / Serapeion: _________ to cosmopolitan deity Serapis (Zeus/Hades + Osiris/Apis) / Pharos __________ (one of the ancient seven wonders of the world)
Alexandria
study
sanctuary
lighthouse
-Demetrius takes _________ with the support of Seleceus in ___ BC, but loses it to Lysimachus and Pyrrhus of Epiros c. 286 BC
-Pyrrhic War vs. Rome (280-275 BC): Roman victory, followed by Roman hegemony in southern _____
- 281 BC: Seleucus and Lysimachus go to war, Seleucus wins but is assassinated shortly afterwards. Demetrius’ son takes over Macedonia.
- Rise of the Aetolian and Achaian Leagues: Aetolian league controls most of _______ Greece (excluding Attica and Boetia), Achaian league controls the Peloponnese
Macedonia, 294 BC
Italy
central
Rome Takes Control
- First Macedonian War (215-205 BC): Philip V allies with _________ (ends in stalemate)
- Second Macedonian War (200-196 BC): Rhodes, Pergamon, Aetolian and Achaean Leagues ally with Rome against Philip V (Macedonian defeat)
- Titus Quinctius Flaminius defeats Philip V at Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC): proclaims _______ for all Greek cities at Isthmian games (196 BC), however, the Aetolian League is squashed in 189 BC
Carthage
freedom
Rome Takes Control Continued
- Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC): Rome, Pergamum, Thracians vs. Perseus (the younger ___ of Philip V)
- Rome ____ and Macedonia is separated into four republics
- Fourth Macedonian War (149-148 BC): Philip Andriscus, the alleged son of Philip V (not actually), tries to reunite the Kingdom of Macedon. Macedonia (+ Thessaly & Northern Epirus) becomes _____ province by 146 BC. _______ League revolts against Rome, but is squashed (_______ is destroyed).
son
wins
Roman
Achaean
Corinth
Society & Arts
- new “cosmopolitan” Mediterranean: capitals and cities of Hellenistic kingdoms act as hubs for complex, mixed social interactions
- despite the diversity, social hierarchies persist (prejudice and bias against ___-______)
- ___________ (some Greeks and locals exception) fill in leadership positions
- Exceptions: Greek Eumenes appointed by Perdiccas as governor in Asia Minor; Philetairos (Greek) starts the dynasty of _______ (283 BC), becoming an independent kingdom under Eumenes I in 263 BC (the ________ dynasty)
non-Greeks
Macedonians
Pergamon, Attalid
Pergamon
- great city under the Attalids, in competition with __________ in particular, thus the proliferation of Macedonian-Greek public buildings, spaces, and art (i.e. agora, gymnasium, stoa, temples/sanctuaries)
- Palace of four complex in the traditional form of a __________ palace (ex. Aigai, Pella) with Greek-style artistic and architectural decoration; featured developed water supply system
- Inclusion of a _______ (by 2nd cent. BC): four rooms with walls lined with shelving for scrolls and parchment books
- Inclusion of a _______: accommodated c. 10,000, steep geography, Temple of _______
Alexandria
Macedonian
library
theater, Dionysos
Hellenistic Trend: royal capitals serving as centers for ________________
- __________ of Rhodes: the head _________ of the Mouseion under Ptolemy III Euergetes (c. 275-250 BC), helped preserve and canonize Greek literary masterpieces, such as _____’s Iliad and Odyssey, also wrote the definitive version of The Argonautica (Tale of _____ and the Argonauts)
intellectualism
Apollonius, librarian
Homer’s
Jason
- Natural and metaphysical philosophy flourishes at cities and royal capitals across the E Mediterranean: Ex. Eratosthenes, head librarian of the Mouseion after Apollonius, estimates the _____________ of the Earth and its distance to the sun
- Royal patronage of applied sciences, particularly for _____ machines for warfare.
- Ctestibius at Library of Alexandria (mid-3rd cent.) experimented with devices powered by _____ pressure and compressed ___
- Antikythera Mechanism (later 2nd cent. BC): elaborate astronomical + astrological __________
circumference
siege
water, air
calculator
Hellenistic Trend: Proliferation of statues of elite _____, due to their association with wealthy people.
- Ex. Small Herculaneum woman (c. 2nd cent.): funerary marker from Delos, & Large Herculaneum woman
- these statues were mostly associated with/found in ___________, more _________ than men’s statues, lots of clothing (showcasing ______), expected to be ______ in appearance (gender norms)
women
sanctuaries, idealized, wealth, modest
Baroque style: ________ poses, highly _________, detail + flowing drapery, displays of emotion (not generally in the women’s statues); adopted by artists in _______ cities + royal capitals at the cutting edge
- Older Classical and Archaic styles are now used to emphasize the “___________”
dynamic, realistic
wealthy
“traditional”
The Great Altar of Zeus at ________
- life size gigantomachy scene (battle between Olympian gods and the Giants)
- famous scene of goddess ______
Pergamon
Athena
Hellenistic Trend
- wider range of __________ depicting cultural figures (ex. philosophers, politicians, playwrights, athletes)
- Ex. ____________ (opponent of Philip II) c. 280 BC by Polyeuktos
- Dedications displayed in ______ spaces (ex. agoras, gymnasiums, palaestras, stoas) and _____ homes (beg. mid-late Hellenistic period)
- Lysippos of Sikyon (second half 4th cent. BC) creates new canonical ___________ for athletes (ex. Apoxyomenos c. 340-330 BC) with generally shorter heads and longer bodies
- Example of “genre ________”: Terme Boxer (c. 3rd-2nd cent.)
sculptures
Demosthenes
public, elite
proportions
“genre realism”
Hellenistic Trend: statues of ____ given more realistic updates compared to Classical approach
- Praxiteles of Athens: known for his sculpture’s ______ anatomy, relaxed _-curved poses (ex. Aphrodite of Knidos, the first ____ female sculpture type)
- Additional Aphrodite statues: Crouching Aphrodite, _____ __ ____ by Alexandros (2nd cent. BC)
gods
softer, S-curved, nude
Venus De Milo
New Comedy & Menander
- reflects a more _____/domestic outlook of Greek polis life beg. later _th cent. BC
- Similar to old comedy, but less hefty satire and more intricate plots (persistence of stereotyped characters); adjacent to the ___-____ of today
- Menander: most famous new comedian (c. 344-292 BC), one nearly complete work (Dyskolos), fragments of several plays out of over 100
- Emphasis on __________ Greek morals, blended with contemporary philosophical introspection
local, 4th
sit-coms
traditional
