Week 15 (The Hellenistic World) Flashcards
War & Politics
Division of Empire (c. 305 BC)
- Ptolemy: _____
- Seleucus: _______ Persian empire
- Antigonus: ____ _____/Central Persian empire + Hellas
- Lysimachus: ______
- Cassander: Macedonia
Egypt
Eastern
Asia Minor
Thrace
-“Hellenization”: the uneven spread of _____ language, culture, customs across the Eastern Mediterranean
- Overlapping mechanisms (ex. Macedonian kings (view themselves as _________ of Greek culture), colonies of soldiers (Alexander’s colonies of veterans), Greek immigrants, local elites adopting Greek cultures (some combination of local and Greek cultural elements)
Greek
defenders
Early Wars of Alexander’s Successors
- No apparent ____ to Alexander: _________ becomes regent
- Phillip III Arrhidaeus (deemed mentally deficient) supported by the Macedonian army
- Antipater: governor of southern Greece
- Perdiccas dies after mutiny from his soldiers (failing to capture Egypt): _________ becomes the new regent for Phillip III and Alexander IV
- Seleucus gains control of both central & eastern Persia (formerly) empire
- Antipater death (319 BC): Antigonus allies with Antipater’s son _________ against the new regent in Macedon, Polyperchon.
- Cassander victory (316 BC), gains Macedonia + Greece, orders the death of ________ (Alexander’s mother) (Phillip III & his wife dead as well)
heir, Perdiccas
Antipater
Cassander
Olympias
Early Wars of Alexander’s Successors Continued
- All successors turn against Antigonus: he gains broad support by promising Greek liberation, but surrenders in ___ BC (same year Alexander IV & Roxane killed)
- 307 BC: ________ I Poliorcetes (“The Besieger”), the son of Antigonus, invades Greece, takes Cyprus from Ptolemy I. Known for his patron of engineering, and use of coins tied to divinity.
- 301 BC: _________ defeated a final time by Lysimachus and Seleucus
311 BC
Demetrius
Antigonus
Hellenistic Ruler Portraiture
- Late 5th century onward, more common realistic artistic depictions of specific people or types of people = portraiture (ex. coins of the ______ of Lydia and Cara, Tissaphenes, beg. 412 BC)
- Similar to _________, Hellenistic rulers used portraiture to convey their right to rule by linking themselves to well known _______ (ex. owls) and power (military & economic) to legitimize rule
satrap
Alexander
symbols
Hellenistic Ruler Portraiture Continued
- ______ material portrait statues of Hellenistic rulers based on traditional Greek representations of heroes
- armored & equestrian statue types
- images of _________ frequently commissioned (most divinized) (ex. coins of Lysimachus = Alexander Zeus Ammon); characterized by defined musculature and ________ appearance (not too old, not too young) (ex. Terme Ruler c. early 1st cent. BC)
- Rulers present themselves as blessed by the ____/semi-divine (inclusion of divine attributes)
- don’t wear crowns, wear diadems (common symbol of military victory)
Bronze
Alexander
youthful
Hellenistic Ruler Portraiture Continued
- Portraits of Ptolemy I: Greek and ________ versions; coins of Ptolemy I with Zeus’s eagle
- Ptolemy example followed by later rulers (ex. Cleopatra VII)
Egypt
Hellenistic Kingdoms (3rd cent. BC)
- __________ = one of the most prosperous cities in Eastern Mediterranean
- Features: Mouseion: center for preservation and _____ of Greek heritage (intellectual center/ Library of Alexandria) / Serapeion: _________ to cosmopolitan deity Serapis (Zeus/Hades + Osiris/Apis) / Pharos __________ (one of the ancient seven wonders of the world)
Alexandria
study
sanctuary
lighthouse
-Demetrius takes _________ with the support of Seleceus in ___ BC, but loses it to Lysimachus and Pyrrhus of Epiros c. 286 BC
-Pyrrhic War vs. Rome (280-275 BC): Roman victory, followed by Roman hegemony in southern _____
- 281 BC: Seleucus and Lysimachus go to war, Seleucus wins but is assassinated shortly afterwards. Demetrius’ son takes over Macedonia.
- Rise of the Aetolian and Achaian Leagues: Aetolian league controls most of _______ Greece (excluding Attica and Boetia), Achaian league controls the Peloponnese
Macedonia, 294 BC
Italy
central
Rome Takes Control
- First Macedonian War (215-205 BC): Philip V allies with _________ (ends in stalemate)
- Second Macedonian War (200-196 BC): Rhodes, Pergamon, Aetolian and Achaean Leagues ally with Rome against Philip V (Macedonian defeat)
- Titus Quinctius Flaminius defeats Philip V at Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC): proclaims _______ for all Greek cities at Isthmian games (196 BC), however, the Aetolian League is squashed in 189 BC
Carthage
freedom
Rome Takes Control Continued
- Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC): Rome, Pergamum, Thracians vs. Perseus (the younger ___ of Philip V)
- Rome ____ and Macedonia is separated into four republics
- Fourth Macedonian War (149-148 BC): Philip Andriscus, the alleged son of Philip V (not actually), tries to reunite the Kingdom of Macedon. Macedonia (+ Thessaly & Northern Epirus) becomes _____ province by 146 BC. _______ League revolts against Rome, but is squashed (_______ is destroyed).
son
wins
Roman
Achaean
Corinth
Society & Arts
- new “cosmopolitan” Mediterranean: capitals and cities of Hellenistic kingdoms act as hubs for complex, mixed social interactions
- despite the diversity, social hierarchies persist (prejudice and bias against ___-______)
- ___________ (some Greeks and locals exception) fill in leadership positions
- Exceptions: Greek Eumenes appointed by Perdiccas as governor in Asia Minor; Philetairos (Greek) starts the dynasty of _______ (283 BC), becoming an independent kingdom under Eumenes I in 263 BC (the ________ dynasty)
non-Greeks
Macedonians
Pergamon, Attalid
Pergamon
- great city under the Attalids, in competition with __________ in particular, thus the proliferation of Macedonian-Greek public buildings, spaces, and art (i.e. agora, gymnasium, stoa, temples/sanctuaries)
- Palace of four complex in the traditional form of a __________ palace (ex. Aigai, Pella) with Greek-style artistic and architectural decoration; featured developed water supply system
- Inclusion of a _______ (by 2nd cent. BC): four rooms with walls lined with shelving for scrolls and parchment books
- Inclusion of a _______: accommodated c. 10,000, steep geography, Temple of _______
Alexandria
Macedonian
library
theater, Dionysos
Hellenistic Trend: royal capitals serving as centers for ________________
- __________ of Rhodes: the head _________ of the Mouseion under Ptolemy III Euergetes (c. 275-250 BC), helped preserve and canonize Greek literary masterpieces, such as _____’s Iliad and Odyssey, also wrote the definitive version of The Argonautica (Tale of _____ and the Argonauts)
intellectualism
Apollonius, librarian
Homer’s
Jason
- Natural and metaphysical philosophy flourishes at cities and royal capitals across the E Mediterranean: Ex. Eratosthenes, head librarian of the Mouseion after Apollonius, estimates the _____________ of the Earth and its distance to the sun
- Royal patronage of applied sciences, particularly for _____ machines for warfare.
- Ctestibius at Library of Alexandria (mid-3rd cent.) experimented with devices powered by _____ pressure and compressed ___
- Antikythera Mechanism (later 2nd cent. BC): elaborate astronomical + astrological __________
circumference
siege
water, air
calculator
