Week 13 (Aristotle, Stoicism, Epicureanism; Fourth Century Greece) Flashcards
4th Century BC Greek Intellectualism
Aristotle
- born in Stageiros (N Aegean) into a family of doctors
- sent to Athens at 17, studies 20 years at the Academy (founded by _____), embarked on a zoological study (347-344 BC), personal tutor to _________ ___ _____, finds the Lyceum and the Peripatetics in Athens (philosophical school)
Plato
Alexander the Great
Aristotle Continued
- Aristotle’s dialogues have been ____, known through his student’s notes.
- Does ___ believe in Plato’s ideas of _____, or body-dualism
- ___________ and logical reasoning are the basic tools for learning about life
- the goal of human life is to achieve eudaimonia (__________)
- established syllogism (two premises, then conclusion)
Four causes of all things: ________, ______, _________, then telos (_____, also the most important)
Belief that the unmoved mover (god) is the greatest divinity
lost
not, forms
observation
happiness
material, formal, efficient, final
Aristotle Continued
- The polis is the ____ civilized way of living
- Learning is linked to the senses (_____________ view), need leisure to maximize learning
- The base of society is the reproductive family unit (product of his time, cultural & ethnic superiority over slaves, and gender superiority over women)
- rule of the one, few, or many are ___ inherently better than each other; however, serving the ______ interest rather that private interests separates good from bad governments
- views __________ as the perversion of constitutional government (views it as bad government)
- he views the _______ class favorably; the end goal of politics is for noble actions
most
materialistic
not, common
democracy
middle
Epicureanism
- Epicurus born in Samos (341-270 BC)
- Like Democritus, Epicurus was an _______
- created “the Garden” in Athens
- belief that the gods exist, but do ___ care for human affairs
- pursue ______ pleasures (moderated pursuit of pleasure), avoid pain
atomist
not
simple
Stoicism
- Created by Zeno of Citium, learning from reading the historian Xenophon and cynics
- established the school in the Stoa Poikile (hence the name Stoicism)
- Made famous by the Roman Epictetus
- Main ideas: fulfill your ____ to the best of your ability, maintain ______ will, cultivate a mindset of detachment from things that are ______ one’s control
role, strong, beyond
Stoicism Continued
- _____ (neutral force of reason) permeates and controls the universe, sparking divine in everyone and everything
- god established the rules of the universe, but _____ away
logos
steps
Fourth Century Greece
- Battle of Aegospotami (405 BC): Spartans cripple the ________ fleet
- All poleis affected by low finances, economic productivity, population, and morale
- Widespread trend of _________ work; greater participation of _____ in public life; Spartan society strained
Athenian
mercenary
women
Fourth Century Greece Continued
- After the Peloponnesian War, the ______ _______ take over: pro-_______ oligarchs in charge of Athens
-Led by Critias, former student of Socrates, was on the Council of Four Hundred
- Thousands of political opponents _______ and property confiscated (ex. 399 BC trial of Socrates)
- Athenian exiles, with the help of Thebes and Spartan kings, take back Athens and reinstall _________.
Thirty Tyrants
pro-Spartan
killed
democracy
Fourth Century Greece Continued
Athenian Government
- regular participation of ______ (poorest social class)
- commissions of nomosthetai (law makers) regularly approved laws, more common introduction of law proposals in the _________ (the boule and prytany shaped the bills before).
thetes
assembly
Fourth Century Greece Continued
Athenian Government
- Theoric fund: used for public _________ projects, public official salaries, citizen payment for jury duty and assembly attendance. Also used to build _____ and docks at Piraeus
- greater use of dicasteries (the ______‘_ ______) for trying wide variety of civic cases
- volunteer citizens over 30 eligible for selection by lot to yearly jury pool
- jury acted as the _____ as well, deciding punishments
- Council of Areopagus still tries ________ cases, but four other courts used for other types of murder
building
fleet
people’s court
judge
homicide
Fourth Century Greece Continued
Inter-Polis Relations
- Corinthian War (395-382 BC): Corinth, Thebes, and Athens vs. _______
- New focus on _____ infantry with javelin and small peltasts (_______)
- The Athenians rebuild the ____ _____ in 394 BC using Persian gold
- Spartans ___ the war, install pro-Spartan oligarchy + garrison at Thebes
- Thebes joins Athens in the _______ Athenian League (379-late 350s BC), signaling a new period of frequent wars involving various alliances
Sparta
light, shields
Long Walls
win
Second
Fourth Century Greece Continued
Inter-Polis Relations
- Thebes experiences a brief period of great military success under the leaders ____________ and Pelopidas
- Thebes defeats Sparta at Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), led by the ______ Band, an elite Theban hoplite unit of close friends and lovers
- Thebans plunder Laconia, liberate Messenian helots, and find the city Megapolis as capital for new Arcadian League
- The lack of ______ breaks down Sparta’s militaristic society
Epaminondas
Sacred
helots
Philip of Macedon (reign 359-336 BC)
- light infantry focus and use of the sarissa (____ spears)
- military campaigns against neighbors (Illyrians, Paeonians, Thracians)
- strategic marriages with daughters of neighboring kings
- Strategic use of Greek culture than before to develop elite Macedonian unity (ex. Greek style art on coinage, participation in the ________).
long
Olympics
Philip Continued
- Macedonian Capitals: Aigai (Vergina) and Pella
- Aigai = ___ capital (mid 7th-2nd cent. BC) founded by King Perdicas I
- many tombs excavated; royal palace and theater (home to the royal family); central courtyard surrounded by rooms
- east side palace: large entrance, upper colonnade
- west side palace: large rooms for dining
- Theater: Macedonian adaptation of _____ culture for Macedonian unification and propaganda
old
Greek
Philip Continued
- Pella: ___ capital (late 5th-2nd cent. BC) founded by Archelaos
- grid planned with an _____, admin buildings, large elite residences, city wall, large palace to the north
- House of ________ at Pella (mosaic of him riding a panther; lion hunt mosaic as well)
- Lion is a symbol of _________ among Macedonians
- House of the Abduction of _____ at Pella: mosaic of early abduction of Helen by Theseus and of a royal stag hunt
new
agora
Dionysos
authority
Helen
