WEEK 15

Question 1

human genome project

Answer 1

A National Institutes of Health funded research that was able to identify how types of human behavior may be traced to certain strands of DNA located on specific chromosomes.

Question 2

what are the universal principles of human growth and development

Answer 2

cephalocaudal principle
proximodorsal principle
simple to complex
continuous process
general to specific
individualized rates

Question 3

cephalocaudal principle

Answer 3

Human development follows a head-to-toe progression. Infants gain control over their neck and head before they can control their extremities.

Question 4

proximodorsal principle

Answer 4

Human development progresses from the center of the body in an outward direction. The spine develops first, followed by extremities, then fingers and toes.

Question 5

simple to complex

Answer 5

Human development evolves in an orderly fashion from simple to complex. Infants accomplish head control before they are able to crawl.

Question 6

continous process

Answer 6

Human development is a continuous process characterized by periods of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth.

Question 7

general to specific

Answer 7

Human development occurs from large muscle movement to more refined muscle movements.

Question 8

individualized rates

Answer 8

Human development varies from individual to individual. Each person has their own growth timetable and rate of development.

Question 9

conception

Answer 9

When a single male sperm cell penetrates and successfully fertilizes the female egg.

Question 10

what is prenatal development followed by

Answer 10

newborn
infancy
childhood
adolescent stages

Question 11

prenatal development

Answer 11

conception to birth takes an average of 38-40 weeks

zygote
embryo
fetus

Question 12

apgar score

Answer 12

Uses 5 indicators (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respirations) to quickly determine whether a newborn requires immediate medical care at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

The highest (best) possible Apgar score is 10, but a score of 7 or higher is considered normal. Apgar scores may be influenced by gestational age, birth weight, maternal medication or anesthesia use, and congenital anomalies. They are intended to help practitioners quickly determine whether a newborn requires immediate medical care and are not designed to predict long-term health issues.

Question 13

Apgar score: what do certain scores mean?

Answer 13

A- apperanace (skin color)
P- pulse
G- grimace
A- activity
R- respirations

Question 14

what is a typical neonate respiration rate

Answer 14

30 to 60 breaths per mintue

Question 15

what is a typical neonate BP and HR

Answer 15

BP- 60-80/40-50

HR- 110-160

Question 16

infancy

Answer 16

Is a stage of development that occurs from 2 days of age through the first year of life.

12 hours of sleep a day

age where vaccines are given

Question 17

toddlerhood

Answer 17

Is a developmental period that typically occurs from 12 months of age until 36 months of age.

begins to walk and learn to walk and run with ease

motor skills more refined

Question 18

Sort the following findings into the concerning (not achieving expected growth and development) or expected (achieving expected growth and development) group for a 6-month-old infant.

Answer 18

expected- one tooth is present, infant sits with support, anterior fontanel is present

concerning- birth weight has tripled

Question 19

preschool age

Answer 19

Is a stage of early childhood development which generally refers to children from ages 3 to 6 years old.

10-12 hours of sleep per day including naps

dentist every 6 months

Question 20

middle childhood

Answer 20

Middle childhood occurs between the preschool years and adolescence. This stage typically begins when the child starts elementary school around 6 years of age and lasts until the onset of puberty, which occurs around 12 years of age

becoming a productive member of soceity

needs boosters from childhood vaccines

malocclusion (A misalignment of the upper and lower teeth when the client bites down. Often referred to as an overbite or crossbite)

Question 21

adolescence

Answer 21

12-20 years

puberty between 11-13

Question 22

young and middle adulthood

Answer 22

all organs and body systems developed by 20 but brain still developing until age 25

Question 23

During a well-baby check, a 10-month-old infant’s parent expresses concern that the baby is not walking independently yet. Which of the following statements should the nurse make?

Answer 23

“Walking independently is not expected at 10 months of age. At 11 months, an infant is expected to walk while holding your hands.”

Question 24

erik erikson’s theory of development

Answer 24

rikson’s theory of psychosocial development includes eight stages of psychosocial development that occur in a series between birth and death. Each stage includes a unique crisis that builds on the tasks of the previous stage.

Question 25

what are the eight stages of erikson’s theory of development

Answer 25

trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair.

Question 26

first stage: trust vs. mistrust (infancy)

Answer 26

first stage

Erikson believed that a sense of trust in self and others is the foundation of human development and is essential for the formation of a healthy identity.

This stage centers on the infant’s basic needs for caring and comfort being met through the interaction between the infant and the caregivers.

Question 27

second stage: autonomy vs. shame (toddlerhood)

Answer 27

As children gain control over their bodies and begin to explore their environment, they develop a sense of independence and autonomy. Autonomy in toddlerhood is the result of imitation and maturation, evidenced by the acquisition of skills involving feeding, mobility, dressing, and elimination.

For children to gain independence, parents and other caregivers need to provide encouragement, patience, and a secure environment from which the child can venture out and explore.

Question 28

third stage: initiative vs. guilt (preschool)

Answer 28

third stage

Their understanding of how the world works increases as they begin to behave and act with purpose. Imagination, exploration, and curiosity allow children to expand their potential; however, risk-taking behaviors also increase, such as crossing the street or climbing a tree alone

Question 29

fourth stage: industry vs. inferiority

Answer 29

fourth stage

During this stage, children acquire many new social and physical skills, including pursuing interests in sports, music, art, and education. Erikson believed that the elementary school years were critical for the development of self-confidence, productivity, and a sense of accomplishment.

Question 30

fifth stage: identity vs role confusion (adolescence)

Answer 30

fifth stage

Adolescents are concerned about their appearance, body image, how they appear to others, achieving a sense of identity, dealing with their emerging sexuality, and finding their place in society

who am i stage

Question 31

sixth stage: intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)

Answer 31

sixth stage

as individuals begin to form intimate, committed relationships with other people. Building on the previous stage of identity formation, young adults develop close, personal relationships with others and make the concessions and compromises that loving, reciprocal relationships require.

Question 32

seventh stage: generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)

Answer 32

seventh stage

individuals in middle adulthood reflect on their accomplishments and engage in meaningful ways to support future generations. Following the establishment of intimate relations achieved in the previous stage, adults continue to build their lives by focusing on career, family, community, and society. To achieve generativity, adults undertake activities and causes that benefit others, such as raising a family, mentoring, coaching, and becoming more involved with community and societal effor

Question 33

eighth stage: integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)

Answer 33

In the final stage of psychosocial development, individuals in late adulthood contemplate and reflect upon their life by retrospectively looking back and taking stock in their accomplishments and failures. Those who have few regrets and an overall sense of satisfaction and accomplishment experience a sense of fulfillment, peace, and integrity. Integrity is achieved if individuals accept their life choices and have little desire to relive or redo their life.

Question 34

jean piaget: cognitive development

Answer 34

Jean Piaget (1896–1980) was one of the most influential developmental psychologists of the 20th century.

Piaget believed that intelligence is an inborn, natural ability that develops as children grow and adapt to their environment. Thus, his theory focuses on how children construct knowledge and how these constructions change over time. Piaget believed that children naturally attempt to make sense of their world throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence as they begin to understand the workings of both the physical and social world. In turn, he suggested that children begin to construct knowledge in new ways at critical points during development.

Question 35

piaget’s cognitive development

Answer 35

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational thought

Question 36

piaget: sensorimotor

Answer 36

0-2 years

With increased mobility and awareness, infants explore the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety emerge.

Question 37

piaget: preoperational

Answer 37

2-6 years

Children use symbols (words and images) to represent objects and learn to express themselves through language and symbolic gestures, but do not yet reason logically.

Question 38

piaget: concrete operational

Answer 38

6-12 years

Children can think logically about concrete objects and can add and subtract. They understand the concepts of reversibility and spatiality, and can classify, socialize, and apply rules.

Question 39

piaget: formal operational

Answer 39

12 years to adult

Question 40

lawerence kohlberg

Answer 40

moral development

Question 41

ABG normal levels

Answer 41

pH: 7.35-7.45

PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg

HCO3: 21-28 mEq/L

Question 42

acidosis vs alkalosis

Answer 42

pH of less than 7.35 is acidosis

pH of greater than 7.45 is alkalosis

Question 43

metabolic acidosis

Answer 43

When the blood in the body is too acidic, with an HCO3- less than 21 and a pH less than 7.35.

low pH and low HCO3

Question 44

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 44

Blood in the body is too alkaline, with an HCO3- greater than 28 and a pH greater than 7.45.

high pH and high HCO3

Question 45

respiratory acidosis

Answer 45

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the lungs and the body fluids, which results in a PaCO2 greater than 45 and a pH less than 7.35.

low pH and HIGH CO2

Question 46

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 46

Low carbon dioxide levels in the body, with a PaCO2 less than 35 and a pH greater than 7.45.

Question 47

what is HCO3-

Answer 47

bicarbonate