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Pharmacology 2 > Week 12 - Types of Insulin > Flashcards

Week 12 - Types of Insulin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by mediating the transport of glucose into target cells.

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2
Q

Name the four main categories of insulin.

A

Short-acting, rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting.

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3
Q

What is the onset time for regular insulin?

A

30 minutes.

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4
Q

How long does regular insulin typically peak?

A

2-3 hours.

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5
Q

What is the duration of action for regular insulin?

A

6-8 hours.

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6
Q

List three examples of rapid-acting insulins.

A

Insulin aspart (Novorapid), insulin glulisine (Apidra), and insulin lispro (Humalog).

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7
Q

What is the onset time for rapid-acting insulins?

A

9-20 minutes

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8
Q

How long do rapid-acting insulins typically last?

A

3-5 hours.

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9
Q

What is the peak time for insulin glulisine?

A

1-1.5 hours.

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10
Q

What is the primary characteristic of intermediate-acting insulin?

A

It is the only “cloudy” insulin.

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11
Q

What is the onset time for NPH insulin?

A

1-3 hours.

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12
Q

How long does NPH insulin typically peak?

A

5-8 hours.

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13
Q

What is the duration of action for NPH insulin?

A

Greater than 12 hours

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14
Q

Name (2) long-acting insulins.

A

Insulin detemir (Levemir) or insulin glargine (Lantus).

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15
Q

What is the onset time for long-acting insulins?

A

90 minutes.

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16
Q

Do long-acting insulins have a peak?

A

No, they do not have a peak.

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17
Q

What is the duration of action for insulin glargine?

A

24 hours.

18
Q

How should unopened insulin be stored?

A

In the fridge between 2ºC and 8ºC.

19
Q

How long can opened insulin be stored at room temperature?

A

Up to one month.

20
Q

What is the exception for the storage of insulin detemir?

A

It is safe at room temperature for 42 days.

21
Q

What are some common adverse effects of insulin?

A

Lipodystrophy, allergic reactions, insulin resistance, and hypoglycemia.

22
Q

What can cause hypoglycemia in insulin users?

A

Omission or irregular mealtime, excessive exercise, and errors in dose measurement.

23
Q

What is the recommended administration time for regular insulin before meals?

A

30-45 minutes before the meal.

24
Q

Can intermediate insulin be mixed with rapid-acting insulin?

A

Yes, they can be mixed in the same syringe.

25
Q

What is the purpose of mixing insulin?

A

To reduce the number of injections per day and provide continuity in blood insulin levels.

26
Q

What is a premixed insulin?

A

A combination of rapid or short-acting insulin with intermediate insulin in fixed proportions.

27
Q

Give an example of a premixed insulin.

A

Humalog Mix 25 (25% rapid-acting, 75% intermediate-acting).

28
Q

What is the importance of planning meals when using NPH insulin?

A

Meals must coincide with the peak of the intermediate insulin.

29
Q

What should be done to avoid contamination when mixing insulins?

A

Always draw up the “clear” insulin before the “cloudy” insulin.

30
Q

What is lipodystrophy?

A

An abnormality in metabolism and deposition of fat, usually at the injection site

31
Q

What is the normal fasting serum glucose level for adults under 60 years?

A

3.9 to 5.9 mmol/L.

32
Q

At what blood glucose levels does spillage of glucose into urine typically occur?

A

9.0-11.0 mmol/L.

33
Q

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

A

Glucagon is a hyperglycemic agent that raises blood glucose levels.

34
Q

What stimulates the secretion of glucagon?

A

Falling glucose levels, sympathetic nervous system activity, and rising amino acid levels.

35
Q

What is the duration of action for insulin detemir?

A

16-24 hours.

36
Q

How often can long-acting insulins be administered?

A

Typically once daily, but some may be given twice daily.

37
Q

What is the significance of the “clear” and “cloudy” insulin distinction?

A

It helps prevent contamination and ensures the effectiveness of the rapid-acting insulin.

38
Q

What is the peak time for insulin lispro?

A

1-2 hours.

39
Q

What is the duration of action for insulin aspart?

A

3-5 hours.

40
Q

Why is premixed insulin generally not recommended for children?

A

It does not allow for flexibility in changing portions as the child grows.

Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

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