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Pharmacology 2 > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

Lower respiratory tract drugs

1
Q

What is the primary function of bronchodilators?

A

To relax the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles.

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2
Q

Name a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in asthma treatment.

A

Salbutamol (also known as Albuterol).

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy

A

They block muscarinic receptors, inhibiting the action of acetylcholine, which leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle.

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4
Q

What are corticosteroids used for in respiratory pharmacology?

A

To reduce inflammation in the airways and control chronic respiratory conditions.

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5
Q

What is the role of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

They block the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators that contribute to bronchoconstriction and mucus production.

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6
Q

Give an example of a long-acting beta-2 agonist.

A

Salmeterol.

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7
Q

What is the primary adverse effect of beta-2 agonists

A

Tremors and increased heart rate (tachycardia).

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8
Q

How do phosphodiesterase inhibitors work?

A

They increase levels of cAMP, leading to bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of mucolytics in respiratory therapy?

A

To reduce the viscosity of mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways.

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10
Q

Name a common anticholinergic medication used for COPD

A

Ipratropium (Atrovent).

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of xanthines like theophylline?

A

They inhibit phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP levels and bronchodilation.

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12
Q

What is the main use of combination inhalers in respiratory therapy?

A

To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects for better control of asthma or COPD.

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13
Q

What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

Oral thrush (candidiasis)

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14
Q

How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors primarily affect the body?

A

They increase heart rate and contractility in cardiac tissue.

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15
Q

What is the role of mast cell stabilizers in respiratory pharmacology?

A

To prevent the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells, reducing allergic responses.

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16
Q

What is the duration of action for short-acting beta-2 agonists?

A

Typically 4 to 6 hours.

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17
Q

What is the primary indication for using systemic corticosteroids in respiratory conditions?

A

To manage acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD.

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18
Q

Name a common side effect of systemic corticosteroids.

A

Weight gain or increased appetite.

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19
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes in asthma?

A

They contribute to bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway inflammation.

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20
Q

How does theophylline affect respiratory function?

A

It relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and improves airflow by inhibiting phosphodiesterase.

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21
Q

What is the primary action of selective beta-2 agonists?

A

They specifically stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.

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22
Q

What is the typical onset time for salbutamol when administered via inhalation?

A

Approximately 5 minutes.

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23
Q

What is the main therapeutic use of ipratropium?

A

To treat bronchospasm associated with COPD and asthma.

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24
Q

How do corticosteroids help in managing asthma?

A

They reduce airway inflammation and hyperreactivity.

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25
Q

What is the duration of action for long-acting beta-2 agonists

A

Up to 12 hours.

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26
Q

Name a common side effect of anticholinergic medications

A

Dry mouth.

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

They block leukotriene receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction and inflammation.

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28
Q

What is the role of mucokinetics in respiratory therapy?

A

To promote the clearance of mucus from the respiratory tract.

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29
Q

What is a common indication for using theophylline?

A

To manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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30
Q

How do mast cell stabilizers prevent asthma attacks?

A

By inhibiting the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells.

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31
Q

What is the primary route of administration for most inhaled medications

A

Via metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) or nebulizers.

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32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A

They increase cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilation.

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33
Q

What is the main purpose of combination inhalers?

A

To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects for better asthma control.

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34
Q

What is a potential adverse effect of long-term corticosteroid use?

A

Osteoporosis.

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35
Q

How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors affect the heart?

A

They increase heart rate and myocardial contractility.

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36
Q

What is the primary use of systemic corticosteroids in respiratory conditions?

A

To manage severe asthma exacerbations or COPD flare-ups.

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37
Q

Name a common leukotriene receptor antagonist

A

Montelukast (Singulair).

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38
Q

What is the effect of beta-2 agonists on the uterus?

A

They cause relaxation of uterine smooth muscle.

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39
Q

How do xanthines like theophylline work in the lungs

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.

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40
Q

What is the typical duration of action for ipratropium?

A

3 to 6 hours.

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41
Q

What is a common side effect of beta-2 agonists?

A

Palpitations.

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42
Q

How do inhaled corticosteroids differ from systemic corticosteroids?

A

Inhaled corticosteroids primarily target the lungs with fewer systemic side effects.

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43
Q

What is the role of acetylcysteine as a mucolytic?

A

It reduces mucus viscosity, facilitating its clearance from the airways.

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44
Q

What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics like tiotropium?

A

They block muscarinic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.

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45
Q

What is the primary indication for using salmeterol?

A

Long-term control of asthma and COPD.

46
Q

How do leukotriene modifiers affect asthma symptoms?

A

They reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction, improving lung function.

47
Q

What is a common adverse effect of theophylline?

A

Nausea and vomiting.

48
Q

What is the primary action of beta-2 agonists in the respiratory system?

A

To induce bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle.

49
Q

How do mast cell stabilizers like sodium cromoglycate work?

A

They prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.

50
Q

What is the typical onset time for ipratropium when inhaled?

A

5 to 15 minutes.

51
Q

What is the role of phosphodiesterase in the lungs?

A

It breaks down cAMP, which is important for maintaining bronchodilation.

52
Q

What is a key benefit of using combination inhalers?

A

They provide synergistic effects from different classes of medications.

53
Q

What is the primary use of xanthines in respiratory therapy?

A

As an adjunct treatment for COPD.

54
Q

How do beta-2 agonists affect the blood vessels?

A

They cause vasodilation in certain vascular beds.

55
Q

What is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids in asthma management?

A

They inhibit the inflammatory response in the airways.

56
Q

What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

Hoarseness or throat irritation.

57
Q

How do anticholinergics help in managing COPD?

A

By reducing bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.

58
Q

What is the effect of leukotriene receptor antagonists on exercise-induced asthma?

A

They can help prevent bronchoconstriction triggered by exercise.

59
Q

What is the primary action of mucolytics like acetylcysteine?

A

To break down and thin mucus in the airways.

60
Q

How do beta-2 agonists improve respiratory function?

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and increasing airflow.

61
Q

What is the typical duration of action for salbutamol?

A

2 to 4 hours.

62
Q

What is the primary indication for using systemic corticosteroids?

A

To treat severe asthma exacerbations.

63
Q

How do mast cell stabilizers prevent allergic reactions?

A

By inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells.

64
Q

What is a common side effect of theophylline?

A

Insomnia or restlessness.

65
Q

What is the role of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the body?

A

They primarily affect cardiac function by increasing heart rate and contractility.

66
Q

How do xanthines like theophylline work in the lungs?

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.

67
Q

What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

They block the action of leukotrienes, reducing bronchoconstriction and inflammation.

68
Q

What is the primary use of ipratropium in respiratory therapy?

A

To relieve bronchospasm in COPD and asthma.

69
Q

How do inhaled corticosteroids differ from oral corticosteroids?

A

Inhaled corticosteroids target the lungs with fewer systemic effects.

70
Q

What is the effect of beta-2 agonists on the gastrointestinal tract?

A

They can cause relaxation of smooth muscle, potentially leading to decreased motility.

71
Q

What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?

A

To block the action of acetylcholine, leading to bronchodilation.

72
Q

How do leukotriene modifiers affect asthma control?

A

They reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction, improving overall control of asthma symptoms.

73
Q

What is a common side effect of salmeterol?

A

Headache.

74
Q

How do corticosteroids help in managing chronic respiratory diseases?

A

By reducing inflammation and preventing exacerbations.

75
Q

What is the primary indication for using theophylline?

A

To manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

76
Q

How do mast cell stabilizers work in asthma management?

A

They prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.

77
Q

What is the typical duration of action for long-acting anticholinergics like tiotropium?

A

24 hours.

78
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the lungs?

A

They increase cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilation.

79
Q

How do beta-2 agonists affect the heart?

A

They can cause increased heart rate and palpitations.

80
Q

What is the primary use of combination inhalers in asthma management?

A

To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects.

81
Q

How do xanthines like theophylline affect respiratory function?

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.

82
Q

What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

Oral thrush.

83
Q

How do leukotriene receptor antagonists help in asthma management?

A

By blocking the action of leukotrienes, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

84
Q

What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?

A

To block muscarinic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.

85
Q

How do beta-2 agonists improve respiratory function?

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and increasing airflow.

86
Q

What is the typical onset time for salmeterol?

A

30 minutes.

87
Q

What is the primary indication for using systemic corticosteroids?

A

To treat severe asthma exacerbations.

88
Q

How do mast cell stabilizers prevent allergic reactions?

A

By inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells.

89
Q

What is a common side effect of theophylline?

A

Nausea and vomiting.

90
Q

What is the role of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the body?

A

They primarily affect cardiac function by increasing heart rate and contractility.

91
Q

How do xanthines like theophylline work in the lungs?

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.

92
Q

What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

They block the action of leukotrienes, reducing bronchoconstriction and inflammation.

93
Q

What is the primary use of ipratropium in respiratory therapy?

A

To relieve bronchospasm in COPD and asthma.

94
Q

How do inhaled corticosteroids differ from oral corticosteroids?

A

Inhaled corticosteroids target the lungs with fewer systemic effects.

95
Q

What is the effect of beta-2 agonists on the gastrointestinal tract?

A

They can cause relaxation of smooth muscle, potentially leading to decreased motility

96
Q

What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?

A

To block the action of acetylcholine, leading to bronchodilation.

97
Q

How do leukotriene modifiers affect asthma control?

A

They reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction, improving overall control of asthma symptoms.

98
Q

What is a common side effect of salmeterol?

A

Headache.

99
Q

How do corticosteroids help in managing chronic respiratory diseases?

A

By reducing inflammation and preventing exacerbations.

100
Q

What is the primary indication for using theophylline?

A

To manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

101
Q

How do mast cell stabilizers work in asthma management?

A

They prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.

102
Q

What is the typical duration of action for long-acting anticholinergics like tiotropium?

A

24 hours.

103
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the lungs?

A

They increase cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilation.

104
Q

How do beta-2 agonists affect the heart?

A

They can cause increased heart rate and palpitations.

105
Q

What is the primary use of combination inhalers in asthma management?

A

To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects.

106
Q

How do xanthines like theophylline affect respiratory function?

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.

107
Q

What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

Oral thrush.

108
Q

How do leukotriene receptor antagonists help in asthma management?

A

By blocking the action of leukotrienes, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

109
Q

What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?

A

To block muscarinic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.

110
Q

How do beta-2 agonists improve respiratory function?

A

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and increasing airflow.

Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

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