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Pharmacology 2 > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

Lower respiratory tract drugs

1
Q

What is the primary function of bronchodilators?

A

To relax the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles.

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2
Q

Name a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in asthma treatment.

A

Salbutamol (also known as Albuterol).

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy

A

They block muscarinic receptors, inhibiting the action of acetylcholine, which leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle.

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4
Q

What are corticosteroids used for in respiratory pharmacology?

A

To reduce inflammation in the airways and control chronic respiratory conditions.

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5
Q

What is the role of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

They block the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators that contribute to bronchoconstriction and mucus production.

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6
Q

Give an example of a long-acting beta-2 agonist.

A

Salmeterol.

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7
Q

What is the primary adverse effect of beta-2 agonists

A

Tremors and increased heart rate (tachycardia).

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8
Q

How do phosphodiesterase inhibitors work?

A

They increase levels of cAMP, leading to bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of mucolytics in respiratory therapy?

A

To reduce the viscosity of mucus, making it easier to clear from the airways.

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10
Q

Name a common anticholinergic medication used for COPD

A

Ipratropium (Atrovent).

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of xanthines like theophylline?

A

They inhibit phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP levels and bronchodilation.

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12
Q

What is the main use of combination inhalers in respiratory therapy?

A

To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects for better control of asthma or COPD.

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13
Q

What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

Oral thrush (candidiasis)

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14
Q

How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors primarily affect the body?

A

They increase heart rate and contractility in cardiac tissue.

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15
Q

What is the role of mast cell stabilizers in respiratory pharmacology?

A

To prevent the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells, reducing allergic responses.

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16
Q

What is the duration of action for short-acting beta-2 agonists?

A

Typically 4 to 6 hours.

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17
Q

What is the primary indication for using systemic corticosteroids in respiratory conditions?

A

To manage acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD.

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18
Q

Name a common side effect of systemic corticosteroids.

A

Weight gain or increased appetite.

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19
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes in asthma?

A

They contribute to bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway inflammation.

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20
Q

How does theophylline affect respiratory function?

A

It relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and improves airflow by inhibiting phosphodiesterase.

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21
Q

What is the primary action of selective beta-2 agonists?

A

They specifically stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.

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22
Q

What is the typical onset time for salbutamol when administered via inhalation?

A

Approximately 5 minutes.

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23
Q

What is the main therapeutic use of ipratropium?

A

To treat bronchospasm associated with COPD and asthma.

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24
Q

How do corticosteroids help in managing asthma?

A

They reduce airway inflammation and hyperreactivity.

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25
What is the duration of action for long-acting beta-2 agonists
Up to 12 hours.
26
Name a common side effect of anticholinergic medications
Dry mouth.
27
What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
They block leukotriene receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
28
What is the role of mucokinetics in respiratory therapy?
To promote the clearance of mucus from the respiratory tract.
29
What is a common indication for using theophylline?
To manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
30
How do mast cell stabilizers prevent asthma attacks?
By inhibiting the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
31
What is the primary route of administration for most inhaled medications
Via metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) or nebulizers.
32
What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
They increase cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilation.
33
What is the main purpose of combination inhalers?
To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects for better asthma control.
34
What is a potential adverse effect of long-term corticosteroid use?
Osteoporosis.
35
How do beta-1 adrenergic receptors affect the heart?
They increase heart rate and myocardial contractility.
36
What is the primary use of systemic corticosteroids in respiratory conditions?
To manage severe asthma exacerbations or COPD flare-ups.
37
Name a common leukotriene receptor antagonist
Montelukast (Singulair).
38
What is the effect of beta-2 agonists on the uterus?
They cause relaxation of uterine smooth muscle.
39
How do xanthines like theophylline work in the lungs
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.
40
What is the typical duration of action for ipratropium?
3 to 6 hours.
41
What is a common side effect of beta-2 agonists?
Palpitations.
42
How do inhaled corticosteroids differ from systemic corticosteroids?
Inhaled corticosteroids primarily target the lungs with fewer systemic side effects.
43
What is the role of acetylcysteine as a mucolytic?
It reduces mucus viscosity, facilitating its clearance from the airways.
44
What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics like tiotropium?
They block muscarinic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.
45
What is the primary indication for using salmeterol?
Long-term control of asthma and COPD.
46
How do leukotriene modifiers affect asthma symptoms?
They reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction, improving lung function.
47
What is a common adverse effect of theophylline?
Nausea and vomiting.
48
What is the primary action of beta-2 agonists in the respiratory system?
To induce bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle.
49
How do mast cell stabilizers like sodium cromoglycate work?
They prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
50
What is the typical onset time for ipratropium when inhaled?
5 to 15 minutes.
51
What is the role of phosphodiesterase in the lungs?
It breaks down cAMP, which is important for maintaining bronchodilation.
52
What is a key benefit of using combination inhalers?
They provide synergistic effects from different classes of medications.
53
What is the primary use of xanthines in respiratory therapy?
As an adjunct treatment for COPD.
54
How do beta-2 agonists affect the blood vessels?
They cause vasodilation in certain vascular beds.
55
What is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids in asthma management?
They inhibit the inflammatory response in the airways.
56
What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?
Hoarseness or throat irritation.
57
How do anticholinergics help in managing COPD?
By reducing bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.
58
What is the effect of leukotriene receptor antagonists on exercise-induced asthma?
They can help prevent bronchoconstriction triggered by exercise.
59
What is the primary action of mucolytics like acetylcysteine?
To break down and thin mucus in the airways.
60
How do beta-2 agonists improve respiratory function?
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and increasing airflow.
61
What is the typical duration of action for salbutamol?
2 to 4 hours.
62
What is the primary indication for using systemic corticosteroids?
To treat severe asthma exacerbations.
63
How do mast cell stabilizers prevent allergic reactions?
By inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells.
64
What is a common side effect of theophylline?
Insomnia or restlessness.
65
What is the role of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the body?
They primarily affect cardiac function by increasing heart rate and contractility.
66
How do xanthines like theophylline work in the lungs?
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.
67
What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
They block the action of leukotrienes, reducing bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
68
What is the primary use of ipratropium in respiratory therapy?
To relieve bronchospasm in COPD and asthma.
69
How do inhaled corticosteroids differ from oral corticosteroids?
Inhaled corticosteroids target the lungs with fewer systemic effects.
70
What is the effect of beta-2 agonists on the gastrointestinal tract?
They can cause relaxation of smooth muscle, potentially leading to decreased motility.
71
What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?
To block the action of acetylcholine, leading to bronchodilation.
72
How do leukotriene modifiers affect asthma control?
They reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction, improving overall control of asthma symptoms.
73
What is a common side effect of salmeterol?
Headache.
74
How do corticosteroids help in managing chronic respiratory diseases?
By reducing inflammation and preventing exacerbations.
75
What is the primary indication for using theophylline?
To manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
76
How do mast cell stabilizers work in asthma management?
They prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
77
What is the typical duration of action for long-acting anticholinergics like tiotropium?
24 hours.
78
What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the lungs?
They increase cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilation.
79
How do beta-2 agonists affect the heart?
They can cause increased heart rate and palpitations.
80
What is the primary use of combination inhalers in asthma management?
To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects.
81
How do xanthines like theophylline affect respiratory function?
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.
82
What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?
Oral thrush.
83
How do leukotriene receptor antagonists help in asthma management?
By blocking the action of leukotrienes, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
84
What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?
To block muscarinic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.
85
How do beta-2 agonists improve respiratory function?
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and increasing airflow.
86
What is the typical onset time for salmeterol?
30 minutes.
87
What is the primary indication for using systemic corticosteroids?
To treat severe asthma exacerbations.
88
How do mast cell stabilizers prevent allergic reactions?
By inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells.
89
What is a common side effect of theophylline?
Nausea and vomiting.
90
What is the role of beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the body?
They primarily affect cardiac function by increasing heart rate and contractility.
91
How do xanthines like theophylline work in the lungs?
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.
92
What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
They block the action of leukotrienes, reducing bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
93
What is the primary use of ipratropium in respiratory therapy?
To relieve bronchospasm in COPD and asthma.
94
How do inhaled corticosteroids differ from oral corticosteroids?
Inhaled corticosteroids target the lungs with fewer systemic effects.
95
What is the effect of beta-2 agonists on the gastrointestinal tract?
They can cause relaxation of smooth muscle, potentially leading to decreased motility
96
What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?
To block the action of acetylcholine, leading to bronchodilation.
97
How do leukotriene modifiers affect asthma control?
They reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction, improving overall control of asthma symptoms.
98
What is a common side effect of salmeterol?
Headache.
99
How do corticosteroids help in managing chronic respiratory diseases?
By reducing inflammation and preventing exacerbations.
100
What is the primary indication for using theophylline?
To manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
101
How do mast cell stabilizers work in asthma management?
They prevent the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
102
What is the typical duration of action for long-acting anticholinergics like tiotropium?
24 hours.
103
What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the lungs?
They increase cAMP levels, leading to bronchodilation.
104
How do beta-2 agonists affect the heart?
They can cause increased heart rate and palpitations.
105
What is the primary use of combination inhalers in asthma management?
To provide both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects.
106
How do xanthines like theophylline affect respiratory function?
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and improving airflow.
107
What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids?
Oral thrush.
108
How do leukotriene receptor antagonists help in asthma management?
By blocking the action of leukotrienes, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
109
What is the primary action of anticholinergics in respiratory therapy?
To block muscarinic receptors, leading to bronchodilation.
110
How do beta-2 agonists improve respiratory function?
By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and increasing airflow.

Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

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