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Pharmacology 2 > Week 12 -Diabetic meds > Flashcards

Week 12 -Diabetic meds Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary goal of insulin therapy?

A

The maintenance of normal blood glucose levels.

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2
Q

What does BMR stand for?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate.

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3
Q

What is a bolus in insulin therapy?

A

A rapid-acting insulin dose taken to manage predictable spikes in blood glucose associated with food intake.

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4
Q

Define basal rate in the context of insulin management.

A

the amount of insulin that an insulin pump delivers to a person with diabetes to replace what their body doesn’t produce naturally

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5
Q

What is the significance of insulin sensitivity factor (ISF)?

A

It indicates how much 1 unit of rapid-acting insulin will lower blood glucose levels.

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6
Q

What does the term “insulin on board” (IOB) refer to?

A

The amount of active insulin remaining in the body from previous doses.

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7
Q

What is the difference between a pumper and an injector?

A

A pumper uses an insulin pump for continuous delivery, while an injector uses insulin injections.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of carb counting in diabetes management?

A

To determine the amount of insulin needed based on carbohydrate intake.

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9
Q

What is the typical insulin to carbohydrate ratio (IC ratio)?

A

It varies by individual, commonly ranging from 1 unit of insulin for every 10 to 15 grams of carbohydrates.

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10
Q

What are the two main types of insulin delivery methods?

A

Insulin pumps and insulin injections.

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11
Q

What is insulin stacking?

A

The accumulation of active insulin in the blood due to overlapping doses, which can lead to hypoglycemia.

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12
Q

How does an insulin pump function?

A

It delivers a continuous basal rate of insulin and allows for bolus doses as needed.

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13
Q

What is the role of glucagon in diabetes management?

A

It is used to treat severe hypoglycemia by raising blood glucose levels.

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14
Q

What is the typical action time for rapid-acting insulin?

A

It usually starts working within 15 minutes and lasts for about 2 to 4 hours.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a sliding scale in insulin administration?

A

To adjust insulin doses based on current blood glucose levels.

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16
Q

What are the potential disadvantages of using an insulin pump?

A

Higher cost, risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and the need for frequent blood sugar testing.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them, maintaining glucose homeostasis

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18
Q

What factors can affect a patient’s basal metabolic rate?

A

Age, sex, weight, and activity level.

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19
Q

What is the typical blood glucose target range for most diabetics?

A

Generally between 4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L before meals.

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20
Q

How can illness affect insulin requirements?

A

Illness can increase insulin needs due to stress and hormonal changes.

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21
Q

What is the function of long-acting insulin?

A

To provide a steady level of insulin over an extended period, covering basal needs.

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22
Q

What is the importance of timing insulin doses?

A

Proper timing helps match insulin action with blood glucose spikes to prevent hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.

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23
Q

What is the role of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?

A

To provide real-time glucose readings and trends, helping to manage insulin delivery.

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24
Q

What is the typical duration of action for long-acting insulin?

A

It can last from 12 to 24 hours, depending on the specific insulin used.

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25
Q

What is the significance of the term “prandial” in diabetes management?

A

It refers to insulin needs related to meals and the associated glucose spikes.

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26
Q

How does physical activity influence insulin sensitivity?

A

Exercise generally increases insulin sensitivity, allowing for better glucose uptake by cells.

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27
Q

What is the potential consequence of mismatching insulin and glucose patterns?

A

It can lead to episodes of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.

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28
Q

What is the purpose of using a correction factor in insulin therapy?

A

To adjust insulin doses based on current blood glucose levels that are outside the target range.

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29
Q

What are the common symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

Symptoms include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and irritability.

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30
Q

What is the recommended treatment for mild hypoglycemia?

A

Consuming fast-acting carbohydrates, such as glucose tablets or juice.

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31
Q

What is the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells for energy.

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32
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of insulin production?

A

Type 1 diabetes involves little to no insulin production, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and often reduced insulin production.

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33
Q

What is the purpose of using rapid-acting insulin before meals?

A

To manage the immediate rise in blood glucose levels after eating.

34
Q

How can stress affect blood glucose levels?

A

Stress can raise blood glucose levels due to the release of counter-regulatory hormones.

35
Q

What is the significance of the term “counter-regulatory hormones”?

A

These hormones, such as glucagon and epinephrine, work to increase blood glucose levels when they drop too low.

36
Q

What is the typical action time for intermediate-acting insulin?

A

It usually starts working within 1 to 3 hours and lasts for about 10 to 16 hours.

37
Q

What is the importance of regular blood glucose monitoring?

A

It helps to track glucose levels and adjust insulin therapy accordingly.

38
Q

What is the role of dietary fiber in carbohydrate counting?

A

Fiber is typically excluded from carbohydrate counts as it does not significantly affect blood glucose levels.

39
Q

What is the potential impact of alcohol on blood glucose levels?

A

Alcohol can cause both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, depending on the amount consumed and food intake.

40
Q

What is the purpose of insulin therapy in diabetes management?

A

To mimic the natural insulin release of the pancreas and maintain blood glucose levels within a target range.

41
Q

What is the typical onset time for long-acting insulin?

A

It usually begins to work within 1 to 2 hours after injection.

42
Q

How does carbohydrate intake affect insulin dosing?

A

Higher carbohydrate intake requires more insulin to manage the resulting increase in blood glucose.

43
Q

What is the significance of the term “active insulin”?

A

It refers to the insulin that is currently working in the body to lower blood glucose levels.

44
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in glucose regulation?

A

The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels

45
Q

What is the typical duration of action for rapid-acting insulin?

A

It lasts about 2 to 4 hours.

46
Q

What is the importance of individualized insulin therapy?

A

Each patient’s insulin needs can vary based on factors like lifestyle, diet, and activity level.

47
Q

What is the potential risk of insulin overdose?

A

It can lead to severe hypoglycemia, which can be life-threatening.

48
Q

What is the role of education in diabetes management?

A

Education helps patients understand their condition and make informed decisions about their care.

49
Q

What is the purpose of using a diabetes management plan?

A

To provide a structured approach to managing blood glucose levels and overall health.

50
Q

How can technology assist in diabetes management?

A

Technology, such as insulin pumps and CGMs, can provide more precise control over blood glucose levels.

51
Q

What is the significance of maintaining a healthy diet in diabetes management?

A

A balanced diet helps regulate blood glucose levels and supports overall health.

52
Q

What is the role of exercise in managing diabetes?

A

Regular physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and helps control blood glucose levels.

53
Q

What is the potential impact of weight gain on insulin sensitivity?

A

Weight gain can decrease insulin sensitivity, making blood glucose control more challenging.

54
Q

What is the importance of regular follow-up with healthcare providers?

A

Regular check-ups help monitor diabetes management and adjust treatment as needed.

55
Q

What is the role of patient support groups in diabetes management?

A

They provide emotional support and shared experiences, which can enhance coping strategies.

56
Q

What is the significance of understanding personal blood glucose patterns?

A

Recognizing patterns helps in making informed decisions about insulin dosing and lifestyle changes.

57
Q

What is the potential effect of sleep on blood glucose levels?

A

Poor sleep can lead to increased insulin resistance and higher blood glucose levels.

58
Q

What is the role of stress management in diabetes care?

A

Effective stress management can help maintain stable blood glucose levels

59
Q

What is the importance of hydration in diabetes management?

A

Staying hydrated helps maintain overall health and can influence blood glucose levels.

60
Q

What is the role of continuous education in diabetes management?

A

Ongoing education helps patients stay informed about new treatments and management strategies.

61
Q

What is the significance of understanding the pharmacokinetics of insulin?

A

Knowledge of how insulin works in the body helps in effective dosing and timing.

62
Q

What is the potential impact of hormonal changes on diabetes management?

A

Hormonal fluctuations can affect insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels.

63
Q

What is the role of meal planning in diabetes management?

A

Meal planning helps control carbohydrate intake and maintain stable blood glucose levels.

64
Q

What is the importance of recognizing the signs of hyperglycemia?

A

Early recognition allows for timely intervention to prevent complications

65
Q

What is the role of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin therapy may be necessary when oral medications are insufficient to control blood glucose.

66
Q

What is the significance of understanding the glycemic index of foods?

A

Foods with a lower glycemic index have a smaller impact on blood glucose levels.

67
Q

What is the potential effect of smoking on diabetes management?

A

Smoking can worsen insulin resistance and increase the risk of complications.

68
Q

What is the role of regular physical exams in diabetes care?

A

Regular exams help monitor for complications and assess overall health.

69
Q

What is the importance of setting realistic goals in diabetes management?

A

Realistic goals help maintain motivation and improve adherence to treatment plans

70
Q

What is the significance of understanding the relationship between food and insulin?

A

Understanding this relationship helps in making informed dietary choices and insulin dosing.

71
Q

What is the role of family support in diabetes management?

A

Family support can enhance adherence to treatment and provide emotional encouragement.

72
Q

What is the potential impact of seasonal changes on diabetes management?

A

Seasonal changes can affect activity levels, food availability, and insulin needs.

73
Q

What is the importance of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG)?

A

SMBG helps patients track their glucose levels and make necessary adjustments to their management plan.

74
Q

What is the role of healthcare teams in diabetes management?

A

Healthcare teams provide comprehensive care and support for effective diabetes management.

75
Q

What is the significance of understanding diabetes-related complications?

A

Awareness of complications helps in proactive management and prevention strategies.

76
Q

What is the potential effect of dietary supplements on diabetes management?

A

Some supplements may interact with medications or affect blood glucose levels; consultation with a healthcare provider is essential.

77
Q

What is the role of patient empowerment in diabetes care?

A

Empowering patients to take an active role in their care can lead to better outcomes.

78
Q

What is the importance of understanding the emotional aspects of diabetes?

A

Addressing emotional challenges can improve adherence to treatment and overall well-being.

79
Q

What is the significance of having a diabetes management plan?

A

A management plan provides structure and guidance for daily diabetes care.

80
Q

What is the role of research in advancing diabetes treatment?

A

Research leads to new therapies and improved understanding of diabetes management.

Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

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