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Pharmacology 2 > Week 12 - Type 2 Diabetes > Flashcards

Week 12 - Type 2 Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of Type 2 antidiabetic agents?

A

To lower blood sugar levels.

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2
Q

Who are the typical candidates for oral antidiabetic agents?

A

Uncomplicated Type 2 diabetics who do not respond to diet control alone.

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3
Q

What age group is usually considered for Type 2 diabetes treatment with these agents?

A

Usually under 40 years old.

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4
Q

What is the maximum insulin requirement for patients suitable for these medications?

A

Less than 40 IU/day equivalent of insulin.

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5
Q

Name one class of oral antidiabetic agents.

A

Sulfonylureas.

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6
Q

List one drug that belongs to the sulfonylureas class.

A

Gliclazide (Diamicron®).

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7
Q

How many chemical subclasses of non-sulfonylureas are there?

A

Seven.

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sulfonylureas?

A

They stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin.

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9
Q

What is a common adverse effect of sulfonylureas?

A

Hypoglycemia.

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10
Q

What is Metformin classified as?

A

A biguanide.

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11
Q

Why does Metformin not cause hypoglycemia?

A

It decreases glucose production in the liver and promotes glucose uptake by cells.

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12
Q

What is a serious adverse event associated with Metformin?

A

Lactic acidosis.

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13
Q

Name one thiazolidinedione.

A

Pioglitazone (Actos®).

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14
Q

What is the primary action of thiazolidinediones?

A

To increase sensitivity of insulin receptor sites.

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15
Q

What is a potential risk associated with Pioglitazone?

A

Bladder cancer.

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16
Q

What do glinides do?

A

They stimulate rapid insulin secretion at mealtime.

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17
Q

Name one α-glucosidase inhibitor.

A

Acarbose (Precose®).

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for α-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

They inhibit the absorption of sugar in the gastrointestinal tract.

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19
Q

What is a common gastrointestinal side effect of α-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

Gas.

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20
Q

What do SGLT2 inhibitors target?

A

Renal glucose reabsorption.

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21
Q

Name one SGLT2 inhibitor.

A

Dapagliflozin (Farxiga®).

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22
Q

What is a common adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Yeast infections.

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for GLP-1 agonists?

A

They mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, stimulating insulin secretion and reducing glucagon production.

24
Q

Name one GLP-1 agonist approved in Canada.

A

Liraglutide (Victoza®).

25
Q

What is a potential adverse effect of GLP-1 agonists?

A

Nausea.

26
Q

What is the role of DPP-4 inhibitors?

A

They delay the breakdown of incretin hormones.

27
Q

Name one DPP-4 inhibitor.

A

Sitagliptin (Januvia®).

28
Q

What is a common side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?

A

Gastrointestinal discomfort.

29
Q

What is the primary goal of diabetes medications?

A

To achieve glycemic control.

30
Q

What is the significance of insulin receptor sensitivity?

A

Increased sensitivity allows insulin to work more effectively in the body.

31
Q

What is the effect of sulfonylureas on liver glycogenolysis?

A

They decrease liver glycogenolysis.

32
Q

What is a contraindication for Metformin?

A

Kidney disease or dysfunction.

33
Q

How do glinides differ from sulfonylureas?

A

Glinides stimulate insulin secretion rapidly at mealtime, while sulfonylureas have a longer duration of action.

34
Q

What is the primary action of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors?

A

Inducing glucosuria (excretion of glucose in urine).

35
Q

What is a common adverse event associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Ketoacidosis.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action for biguanides like Metformin?

A

They decrease glucose production in the liver and increase glucose uptake by cells.

37
Q

What is the effect of thiazolidinediones on bone density?

A

They may decrease bone density.

38
Q

What is the primary use of GLP-1 agonists in recent marketing?

A

Weight loss.

39
Q

What is a common gastrointestinal side effect of Metformin?

A

Nausea.

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action for α-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

They slow down carbohydrate absorption in the intestines.

41
Q

What is a potential cardiovascular risk associated with sulfonylureas?

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

42
Q

What is the role of incretin hormones in diabetes management?

A

They help regulate insulin secretion and glucose metabolism.

43
Q

What is the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on incretin levels?

A

They increase the levels of endogenous incretin hormones.

44
Q

What is a common side effect of thiazolidinediones?

A

Fluid retention.

45
Q

How do SGLT2 inhibitors affect blood pressure?

A

They may cause orthostatic hypotension.

46
Q

What is the primary indication for using glinides?

A

To achieve glycemic control, especially around mealtimes.

47
Q

What is a contraindication for α-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis.

48
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sulfonylureas in the pancreas?

A

They stimulate beta-cells to secrete insulin.

49
Q

What is a common adverse effect of GLP-1 agonists related to weight?

A

Excessive weight loss.

50
Q

What is the importance of monitoring for hypoglycemia in patients taking sulfonylureas?

A

Because sulfonylureas can cause low blood sugar levels.

51
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors?

A

They target renal glucose reabsorption and induce glucosuria.

52
Q

Which class of medications is most commonly used as the first-line treatment for Type 2 diabetes in Canada?

A

Biguanides, specifically Metformin.

53
Q

What is a significant adverse effect of thiazolidinediones that has led to reduced use?

A

Increased risk of heart failure due to fluid retention.

54
Q

How do GLP-1 agonists contribute to weight management in Type 2 diabetes patients?

A

They slow gastric emptying and increase satiety, leading to reduced food intake.

55
Q

What is the role of incretin hormones in the action of DPP-4 inhibitors?

A

DPP-4 inhibitors delay the breakdown of incretin hormones, increasing their levels and enhancing insulin secretion.

Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

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