Week 12 lecture Flashcards
Name two examples of “violation of expectable environment” in atypical development
Lack of caregiving and early adversity.
What are some biological factors of early adversity?
Malnutrition, toxins, and chronic infection.
When are adverse childhood experiences especially detrimental?
During critical periods of brain development.
What systems are impacted by early abuse?
HPA axis, serotonergic system, and sympathetic nervous system.
What role do catecholamines and adrenal steroids play in early adversity?
They influence brain development and regulate stress responses.
Why is it challenging to measure maltreatment?
Because abusive caregivers are unlikely to admit abuse.
How do maltreated children experience the emotional environment differently?
They have fewer positive emotional experiences and more negative, isolated, and anger-filled interactions.
What bias do maltreated children develop regarding emotion recognition?
Heightened sensitivity to anger and difficulty recognizing sadness.
What does the Pollak & Sinha (2002) study highlight about emotion recognition in abused children?
They recognize anger with less visual information and have difficulty recognizing sadness.
Why is early anger recognition adaptive for maltreated children?
It helps them anticipate threats in a hostile environment.
What brain structure shows greater activation to anger and happy faces in maltreated children?
The right amygdala.
What are some behavioral outcomes in maltreated children?
Higher aggression, peer withdrawal, and conduct disorder.
Name two psychosocial outcomes more common in youth with epilepsy.
Higher rates of depression and poor psychological adjustment.
What brain changes are linked to internalizing symptoms in youth with epilepsy?
Thinning of grey matter in specific brain regions, like the temporal lobe.
What tasks were used to study social brain function in youth with epilepsy?
Facial emotion recognition and vocal recognition tasks.
How do kids with epilepsy perform on facial emotion recognition tasks?
They are less accurate overall, with lower activation in key brain areas like the STS and FFA.
What is the difference in brain connectivity between kids with and without epilepsy?
Kids with epilepsy show stronger within-temporal-lobe connectivity, which may be compensatory.
How does age affect vocal emotion recognition in kids with epilepsy?
They improve with age and catch up with typically developing kids by age 21.
What is linked to poorer social functioning outcomes in epilepsy?
Differences in brain activation and connectivity during emotional processing tasks.
How does timing of epilepsy onset affect outcomes?
Earlier onset is linked to more severe deficits.
