Chapter 4

Question 1

What are emotions?

Answer 1

States associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing

Question 2

What is a mood?

Answer 2

an emotional state that is extended over time (e.g. anxiety is a mood and fear is an emotion).

Question 3

what is a Hedonic value?

Answer 3

The subjective liking or disliking of a stimulus/event

Question 4

What is interoception?

Answer 4

the brain’s ability to sense the current state of its internal organs

Question 5

What is Darwin’s theory of emotions?

Answer 5

Emotions have been around for a long time and are shared by many animals, not just humans. For example, both humans and dogs show fear and joy in similar ways

Emotions have a job. For example, showing anger or fear can help you respond to threats or let others know how you’re feeling

Question 6

What is the id?

Answer 6

The id is the most basic part of our personality, driven by instincts and desires

Question 7

What is the ego?

Answer 7

The ego creates a balance between the id and the external world. It’s like the decision-maker

Question 8

What is the super ego?

Answer 8

The superego represents our moral standards and ideals, often learned from parents and society

Question 9

What is the James-Lange theory?

Answer 9

The self-perception of bodily changes produces emotional experience (e.g. one is sad because one cries)

Question 10

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 10

a theory centred on the hypothalamus’ role in emotions in which bodily responses occur after the emotion itself (you are sad and then you cry)

Question 11

What is the Papez circuit?

Answer 11

it outlines a pathway in the brain involved in emotional processing

Question 12

What are Primary reinforcers?

Answer 12

Stimuli that act as rewards or punishers without any prior learning

Question 13

what are secondary reinforcers?

Answer 13

learned rewards or punishers

Question 14

what are Moral emotions?

Answer 14

are feelings that help us understand and react to right and wrong

Question 15

what is second-order conditioning?

Answer 15

a way of learning where a new stimulus becomes associated with a response through its connection to an already learned stimulus

Question 16

what is the Hierarchy of needs?

Answer 16

Maslow!

an attempt to organize different aspects of motivation into a hierarchy

Question 17

what is Reversal learning?

Answer 17

a type of learning where you change your behaviour based on a new set of rules or a new situation

Question 18

what is the somatic marker hypothesis?

Answer 18

an idea that emotional and bodily states associated with previous behaviours are used to influence decision-making

for example: Based on your past experience, you remember feeling very stressed and worried. These emotions will guide your next steps to avoid feeling that ay again

Question 19

what is the response conflict?

Answer 19

an internal struggle to make a decision

for example: you’re at a party and you want to socialize with new people and enjoy the event, but you also want to leave early because you’re tired and want to rest

Question 20

what is self-stimulation?

Answer 20

refers to activities or behaviours where individuals seek sensory pleasure (example: pressing a lever to get food)

Question 21

what is the ventral striatum?

Answer 21

The ventral striatum is a part of the brain that helps control feelings of reward and pleasure.

part of the basal ganglia

Question 22

what is the ventral tegmental?

Answer 22

area a mid-brain structure in which the reward-related dopaminergic system originates.

Question 23

what is episodic memory?

Answer 23

Memories of specific events that occurred in a particular time and place