Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

How is identity personal?

A

Identity is related to one’s personality, experiences, autobiographical memory, and self-appraisals.

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1
Q

How is identity social?

A

Identity involves defining relationships with others, political orientation, group memberships, and social cohesion.

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2
Q

What is social cohesion in identity?

A

It’s finding people who are similar to us, creating in-group cohesion and sometimes out-group tension.

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3
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Self-concept is answering “Who am I?” and requires distinguishing between self and others.

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4
Q

What is the rouge test?

A

A self-recognition test where infants recognize themselves in a mirror, typically by 21-24 months.

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5
Q

How does self-recognition in infants develop?

A

Infants recognize themselves by linking “me” with the mirror reflection, a sign of self-concept.

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6
Q

What is pretend play and how is it related to self-concept?

A

Pretend play, such as playing school or family, shows developing self-concepts in young children.

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7
Q

How does self-concept evolve with age in early childhood?

A

From 3-4 years, children describe themselves concretely; by 5-6 years, they predict behaviors based on traits.

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8
Q

What self-concept abilities emerge in children aged 7-9?

A

Children use traits and social comparisons in self-evaluation.

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9
Q

How do teens develop self-concept?

A

Reflective self-appraisals (others’ views) begin to influence direct self-appraisals (self-view).

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10
Q

How does the brain represent the self?

A

Self-representation abilities are associated with brain maturation, especially in areas like the TPJ and mPFC.

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11
Q

What did Lewis and Carmody (2008) study about self-representation?

A

They found TPJ maturity was linked with self-representation abilities in infants, using personal pronoun use and pretend play as indicators.

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12
Q

What brain areas are active when adults think about themselves?

A

The mPFC and other cortical midline structures are involved in self-reflection.

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13
Q

What does “rostral” refer to?

A

The anterior (front) aspect of the head.

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14
Q

What does “caudal” refer to?

A

The posterior (back) aspect of the head.

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15
Q

Which brain areas are involved in distinguishing self from others?

A

mPFC, PCC and TPJ

16
Q

Which brain areas respond preferentially to self or close others?

A

mPFC

17
Q

What brain region is linked to recalling autobiographical memories?

A

PCC

18
Q

How is self-identity typically viewed in individualistic cultures like the U.S.?

A

As independent, with clear distinctions between self and others.

19
Q

How does brain activation differ when Americans think about themselves vs their mom?

A

Thinking about oneself shows higher activation in self-referential regions while thinking about others activates separate networks.

20
Q

How is self-identity viewed in collectivistic cultures like China?

A

As interdependent, closely tied to relationships and group memberships.

21
Q

How does brain activation differ when thinking about self vs mom in collectivistic cultures?

A

Similar levels of neural activation, reflecting integrated self and close-other representations

22
Q

Why is identity more fragile in childhood?

A

Children need to construct their identity using more neural resources actively.

23
Q

Which brain regions are activated by both social rejection and physical pain?

A

ACC and insula

24
Q

What is an ingroup?

A

A group we identify with and have a positive preference for.

25
Q

What does the IAT measure?

A

Implicit (unconscious) biases and automatic associations between concepts.

26
Q

How is prejudice measured indirectly?

A

Using the IAT, EMG for smiles/frowns, and analyzing reaction times.

26
Q

How does the amygdala respond to outgroup faces?

A

Higher activation to outgroup faces often correlates with implicit biases

27
Q

How do famous faces affect the amygdala response?

A

Familiar faces do not trigger the same heightened activation for outgroup members.