Week 12 Cancer - patho Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of cells?
- Create fuel for the body
- manufacture proteins
- Transport materials
- Dispose waste
- cell growth and reproduction
What is contact inhibition?
-It’s how normal cells respect boundaries of surrounding cells
- growth is inhibited through physical contact with surrounding membranes
What are the regulators of cell growth?
- Proto-oncogenes - promote growth
- Tumor suppressor genes - suppress growth
What are the 5 cells that stem cells differentiate to?
- neuron
- enterocytes
- hepatocytes
- cardiac cells
- osteocytes
What are the 3 stages of cancer development ?
- initiation
- promotion
- progression
What occurs during the initiation stage of cancer cell development?
mutation in cell’s genetic structure
What causes mutations in cell’s genetic structure?
- carinogen exposure
- inherited mutation
- cell error
What are the 3 things that can happen when a cell mutation occurs?
- Die
- Repair
- Replicate - mutation passed on to daughter cell
What happens during the promotion stage of cancer development?
- altered cells undergo proliferation
What are promoting factors of altered cancer cells?
- obesity
- dietary fat
- cigarette smoking
- alcohol
When is cancer clinically evident?
When the cells become a mass
What is the progression stage of cancer development?
- tumor growth rate is increased
- the spread and invasion to other sites is increased
What is different between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign
- slow growth
- well differentiated
- do not spread
- normal cells just growing in the wrong place
Malignant
- rapid growth
- poorly differentiated (no controls)
- invade blood vessels and lymphatic system
What are the main sites of metastasis ?
- Brain and CSF
- Lung
- Liver
- Adrenals
- Bone
in the TNM classification system, what are the 3 classifications?
- Tumour size
- Nodes - degree of spread to lymph nodes
- Metastasis
What is the 3 ways cancer is classified?
- anatomical site
- Histological analysis (grading)
- Extent of disease (staging)
What are the 4 local effects of tumors (typically malignant tumor but could be benign)?
- Occlusion
- Ulceration
- Pain
- Infarction
What are the systemic effects of Tumors?
- Weight loss- advanced cancer
- Bleeding
- Anemia
- Infection
During the early stages of cancer what is the level of pain like?
Little to no pain
What causes pain in cancer?
- direct pressure- on nerves and bone
- obstruction
- invasion
- Tissue destruction
- infection
- Inflammation
Where is pain located in relation to the place of the cancer?
- At the primary tumor site
- as a result of distant metatasis
What kind of cancer causes the most pain in the body?
Bone metastasis
which tumours cause headaches?
Brain tumors
What are the 8 main Cancer clinical manifestations?
- Pain
- Fatigue
- Cachexia
- Anemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Leukopenia
- Infection
- Paraneoplastic syndromes
What aspects of cancer causes fatigue?
- MOA not well understood
- chemo and radiation effects
- Anemia, weight loss, bleeding
What is the most frequent reported symptom in cancer patients?
Fatigue
What is Cachexia in cancer?
- anorexia
- wasting alters liver and heart function
- gut malabsorption
- Taste changes
- feel full quickly
- altered lipid, carb, fat metabolism
- significant weight loss and inflammation
- due to skeletal muscle and body fat loss
What 3 things causes anemia in cancer patients?
- chronic bleeding
- malnutrition
- cancer in the blood forming organs
Which 5 cancers is anemia more common in ?
- colorectal
- genitourinary
- pancreatic
- gastric
- upper intestinal
What causes leukopenia?
Tumor invasion of bone marrow
chemo and radiation can cause these 3 blood issues
- anemia (RBC issue)
- thrombocytopenia (lack platelets)
- leukopenia (WBC issue)
What causes infection in cancer?
- ulceration and obstruction of blood flow
- bone marrow affected - low WBC
- surgery and chemo affects
- eg. a common cold could become fatal for a cancer patient
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
- rare- abnormal response - body is trying to destroy the tumor
-it is caused when a substance is released from a tumor - it is caused when the immune response is triggered by a tumor
- they involve hormones from the tumor or antibodies produced by immune system
What body systems does paraneoplastic syndromes affect?
- nervous system
- endocrine system
What are the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome ?
- Fever
- high bP
- low bp
- low blood sugar
- edema
What 6 body tissues/organs are involved in the lymphatic system?
- lymph nodes- armpits, groin, chest, neck etc.
- spleen - holds cells macrophages, wbc, rbc, platelets
- thymus-T- lymphocytes mature here
- bone marrow- B - lymphocytes mature here
- tonsils
- liver
What is proliferation of cells?
- When new cells enter the cell cycle through growth and division
- Rate of proliferation = rate of degeneration
What 2 things cause proliferation ?
- Cell need (infection)
- Cell degeneration/death
what makes cancer cells dangerous?
-They lack the stop proliferation control. They aren’t responsive to signals in the body.
- telemerase makes the telomeres regenerate so the cell never stops dividing
What makes cancer cells different than normal cells when it comes to genes?
They have different DNA
What is cell differentiation?
when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for
What is a big difference between cancer cells and regular cells when it comes to differentiation?
-Cancer cells are poorly differentiated
ie) very disorderly
- very poorly differentiated = aggressive= worse prognosis
What is carcinogensis and what are the 3 stages?
the development of cancer
1. initiation
2. promotion
3. progression
Viruses, Hormones, Radiation, chemicals, gene factors, and unknown factors affect which part of the cell?
The DNA
- leads to gene issues that then replicate (proliferation)
What is cell differentiation?
when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for
Viruses, Hormones, Radiation, chemicals, gene factors, and unknown factors affect which part of the cell?
The DNA
- leads to gene issues that then replicate (proliferation& differentiation)
What are carcinogens ?
- chemical
- radiation
- virus
What are the 3 carcinogens ?
- chemical
- radiation
- virus
What stage of cancer still allows for reversibility ?
Promotion stage
What is cell differentiation?
when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for
What is anatomical site in the classification of cancer?
the tissue where it originated
What is cell differentiation?
when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for
What is anatomical site in the classification of cancer?
- the tissue where it originated
1. solid (specific tissues)
2. Hemotologic ( blood cell forming tissue)
What is Histological Analysis in the classification of cancer?
how differentiated the cell is
- the more differentiated, the better (benign) - lower grade
- higher grade = poorly differentiated
- how closely do they resemble the tissue from which they came? = better prognosis
What is staging in the classification of cancer?
- used for prognosis
- exact location of cancer
- is there metastasis?
- this is where we get the stage 1-4
What does Stage 1 and Stage 2 cancer mean?
- more localized easier to control
What does Stage 3 and Stage 4 cancer mean?
- Spread more and harder to control
What is cell differentiation?
when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for
What is Cachexia?
- weakness and wasting of the body due to break down of proteins and fat for energy to fight cancer cells
- anemia, bleeding, weight loss
What is a contributing factor when determining treatment?
Fatigue - can the body withstand treatment with already significant Fatigue ?
- Cachexia
What is cell differentiation?
when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for
What is pancytopenia?
- Anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- leukopenia
What is cell differentiation?
when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for
What is involved in the hematological system?
- Bone marrow (stem cells)
how long do WBC last and when will we see symptoms if they are affected?
a few hours to a few days
we will see symptoms within a few days
How long do platelets last?
10 days
How long do RBC last?
120 days
What is lymphoma?
- a cancer of the lymphatic system
- anywhere where lymph is found
What are the 2 types of lymphoma?
-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
-Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
- better prognosis
-80% survival - *young ppl 18-30, then 55+
- *men most common
What is the major difference between Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- Hodgkin’s lymphoma = reed- sternberg cells in lymph nodes
What are the risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- anything that reduces the immune system
1. Epstein barr virus
2. toxins from work
3. genetics
4. HIV
What are the clinical manifestations of hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- immune system in overdrive
1. weight loss
2. fatigue
3. weakness
4. fever
5. Night sweats
6. non-painful lymph nodes
Where does hodgkin’s lymphoma most commonly originate?
- cervical nodes (neck/head)
- can axillary or inguinal regions too
What is the most common type of Lymphoma?
non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
What are risk factors for non-hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- male
- > 60 age
- older age
- genetics
- toxins
- immunosuppressants
- chemotherapy
When is non-hodgkin’s lymphoma typically detected?
When it’s widespread
What is a common sign that someone has non-hodgkin’s lymphoma/hodgkin’s lymphoma as opposed to a cold/infection?
- Non painful enlarged lymphnodes
