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2514 Patho/phys/assess > Week 12 Cancer - patho > Flashcards

Week 12 Cancer - patho Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of cells?

A
  1. Create fuel for the body
  2. manufacture proteins
  3. Transport materials
  4. Dispose waste
  5. cell growth and reproduction
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2
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

-It’s how normal cells respect boundaries of surrounding cells
- growth is inhibited through physical contact with surrounding membranes

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3
Q

What are the regulators of cell growth?

A
  1. Proto-oncogenes - promote growth
  2. Tumor suppressor genes - suppress growth
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4
Q

What are the 5 cells that stem cells differentiate to?

A
  1. neuron
  2. enterocytes
  3. hepatocytes
  4. cardiac cells
  5. osteocytes
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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of cancer development ?

A
  1. initiation
  2. promotion
  3. progression
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6
Q

What occurs during the initiation stage of cancer cell development?

A

mutation in cell’s genetic structure

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7
Q

What causes mutations in cell’s genetic structure?

A
  1. carinogen exposure
  2. inherited mutation
  3. cell error
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8
Q

What are the 3 things that can happen when a cell mutation occurs?

A
  1. Die
  2. Repair
  3. Replicate - mutation passed on to daughter cell
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9
Q

What happens during the promotion stage of cancer development?

A
  1. altered cells undergo proliferation
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10
Q

What are promoting factors of altered cancer cells?

A
  1. obesity
  2. dietary fat
  3. cigarette smoking
  4. alcohol
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11
Q

When is cancer clinically evident?

A

When the cells become a mass

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12
Q

What is the progression stage of cancer development?

A
  1. tumor growth rate is increased
  2. the spread and invasion to other sites is increased
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13
Q

What is different between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Benign
- slow growth
- well differentiated
- do not spread
- normal cells just growing in the wrong place

Malignant
- rapid growth
- poorly differentiated (no controls)
- invade blood vessels and lymphatic system

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14
Q

What are the main sites of metastasis ?

A
  1. Brain and CSF
  2. Lung
  3. Liver
  4. Adrenals
  5. Bone
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15
Q

in the TNM classification system, what are the 3 classifications?

A
  1. Tumour size
  2. Nodes - degree of spread to lymph nodes
  3. Metastasis
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16
Q

What is the 3 ways cancer is classified?

A
  1. anatomical site
  2. Histological analysis (grading)
  3. Extent of disease (staging)
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17
Q

What are the 4 local effects of tumors (typically malignant tumor but could be benign)?

A
  1. Occlusion
  2. Ulceration
  3. Pain
  4. Infarction
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18
Q

What are the systemic effects of Tumors?

A
  1. Weight loss- advanced cancer
  2. Bleeding
  3. Anemia
  4. Infection
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19
Q

During the early stages of cancer what is the level of pain like?

A

Little to no pain

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20
Q

What causes pain in cancer?

A
  1. direct pressure- on nerves and bone
  2. obstruction
  3. invasion
  4. Tissue destruction
  5. infection
  6. Inflammation
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21
Q

Where is pain located in relation to the place of the cancer?

A
  1. At the primary tumor site
  2. as a result of distant metatasis
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22
Q

What kind of cancer causes the most pain in the body?

A

Bone metastasis

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23
Q

which tumours cause headaches?

A

Brain tumors

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24
Q

What are the 8 main Cancer clinical manifestations?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Fatigue
  3. Cachexia
  4. Anemia
  5. Thrombocytopenia
  6. Leukopenia
  7. Infection
  8. Paraneoplastic syndromes
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25
Q

What aspects of cancer causes fatigue?

A
  1. MOA not well understood
  2. chemo and radiation effects
  3. Anemia, weight loss, bleeding
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26
Q

What is the most frequent reported symptom in cancer patients?

A

Fatigue

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27
Q

What is Cachexia in cancer?

A
  1. anorexia
  2. wasting alters liver and heart function
  3. gut malabsorption
  4. Taste changes
  5. feel full quickly
  6. altered lipid, carb, fat metabolism
  7. significant weight loss and inflammation
    - due to skeletal muscle and body fat loss
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28
Q

What 3 things causes anemia in cancer patients?

A
  1. chronic bleeding
  2. malnutrition
  3. cancer in the blood forming organs
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29
Q

Which 5 cancers is anemia more common in ?

A
  1. colorectal
  2. genitourinary
  3. pancreatic
  4. gastric
  5. upper intestinal
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30
Q

What causes leukopenia?

A

Tumor invasion of bone marrow

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31
Q

chemo and radiation can cause these 3 blood issues

A
  1. anemia (RBC issue)
  2. thrombocytopenia (lack platelets)
  3. leukopenia (WBC issue)
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32
Q

What causes infection in cancer?

A
  1. ulceration and obstruction of blood flow
  2. bone marrow affected - low WBC
  3. surgery and chemo affects
    - eg. a common cold could become fatal for a cancer patient
33
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A
  • rare- abnormal response - body is trying to destroy the tumor
    -it is caused when a substance is released from a tumor
  • it is caused when the immune response is triggered by a tumor
  • they involve hormones from the tumor or antibodies produced by immune system
34
Q

What body systems does paraneoplastic syndromes affect?

A
  1. nervous system
  2. endocrine system
35
Q

What are the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome ?

A
  1. Fever
  2. high bP
  3. low bp
  4. low blood sugar
  5. edema
36
Q

What 6 body tissues/organs are involved in the lymphatic system?

A
  1. lymph nodes- armpits, groin, chest, neck etc.
  2. spleen - holds cells macrophages, wbc, rbc, platelets
  3. thymus-T- lymphocytes mature here
  4. bone marrow- B - lymphocytes mature here
  5. tonsils
  6. liver
37
Q

What is proliferation of cells?

A
  • When new cells enter the cell cycle through growth and division
  • Rate of proliferation = rate of degeneration
38
Q

What 2 things cause proliferation ?

A
  1. Cell need (infection)
  2. Cell degeneration/death
39
Q

what makes cancer cells dangerous?

A

-They lack the stop proliferation control. They aren’t responsive to signals in the body.
- telemerase makes the telomeres regenerate so the cell never stops dividing

40
Q

What makes cancer cells different than normal cells when it comes to genes?

A

They have different DNA

41
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for

42
Q

What is a big difference between cancer cells and regular cells when it comes to differentiation?

A

-Cancer cells are poorly differentiated
ie) very disorderly
- very poorly differentiated = aggressive= worse prognosis

43
Q

What is carcinogensis and what are the 3 stages?

A

the development of cancer
1. initiation
2. promotion
3. progression

44
Q

Viruses, Hormones, Radiation, chemicals, gene factors, and unknown factors affect which part of the cell?

A

The DNA
- leads to gene issues that then replicate (proliferation)

44
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for

45
Q

Viruses, Hormones, Radiation, chemicals, gene factors, and unknown factors affect which part of the cell?

A

The DNA
- leads to gene issues that then replicate (proliferation& differentiation)

46
Q

What are carcinogens ?

A
  • chemical
  • radiation
  • virus
47
Q

What are the 3 carcinogens ?

A
  • chemical
  • radiation
  • virus
48
Q

What stage of cancer still allows for reversibility ?

A

Promotion stage

49
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for

50
Q

What is anatomical site in the classification of cancer?

A

the tissue where it originated

50
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for

50
Q

What is anatomical site in the classification of cancer?

A
  • the tissue where it originated
    1. solid (specific tissues)
    2. Hemotologic ( blood cell forming tissue)
51
Q

What is Histological Analysis in the classification of cancer?

A

how differentiated the cell is
- the more differentiated, the better (benign) - lower grade
- higher grade = poorly differentiated
- how closely do they resemble the tissue from which they came? = better prognosis

52
Q

What is staging in the classification of cancer?

A
  • used for prognosis
  • exact location of cancer
  • is there metastasis?
  • this is where we get the stage 1-4
53
Q

What does Stage 1 and Stage 2 cancer mean?

A
  • more localized easier to control
54
Q

What does Stage 3 and Stage 4 cancer mean?

A
  • Spread more and harder to control
55
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for

56
Q

What is Cachexia?

A
  • weakness and wasting of the body due to break down of proteins and fat for energy to fight cancer cells
  • anemia, bleeding, weight loss
57
Q

What is a contributing factor when determining treatment?

A

Fatigue - can the body withstand treatment with already significant Fatigue ?
- Cachexia

58
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for

59
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. thrombocytopenia
  3. leukopenia
60
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

when cells come from an immature unspecified cell (stem cell) and grow to what they are needed for

61
Q

What is involved in the hematological system?

A
  1. Bone marrow (stem cells)
62
Q

how long do WBC last and when will we see symptoms if they are affected?

A

a few hours to a few days
we will see symptoms within a few days

63
Q

How long do platelets last?

A

10 days

64
Q

How long do RBC last?

A

120 days

65
Q

What is lymphoma?

A
  • a cancer of the lymphatic system
  • anywhere where lymph is found
66
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoma?

A

-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
-Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

67
Q

What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A
  • better prognosis
    -80% survival
  • *young ppl 18-30, then 55+
  • *men most common
68
Q

What is the major difference between Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  1. Hodgkin’s lymphoma = reed- sternberg cells in lymph nodes
69
Q

What are the risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • anything that reduces the immune system
    1. Epstein barr virus
    2. toxins from work
    3. genetics
    4. HIV
70
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • immune system in overdrive
    1. weight loss
    2. fatigue
    3. weakness
    4. fever
    5. Night sweats
    6. non-painful lymph nodes
71
Q

Where does hodgkin’s lymphoma most commonly originate?

A
  • cervical nodes (neck/head)
  • can axillary or inguinal regions too
72
Q

What is the most common type of Lymphoma?

A

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

73
Q

What are risk factors for non-hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • male
  • > 60 age
  • older age
  • genetics
  • toxins
  • immunosuppressants
  • chemotherapy
74
Q

When is non-hodgkin’s lymphoma typically detected?

A

When it’s widespread

75
Q

What is a common sign that someone has non-hodgkin’s lymphoma/hodgkin’s lymphoma as opposed to a cold/infection?

A
  • Non painful enlarged lymphnodes

2514 Patho/phys/assess (27 decks)

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