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GREEK > Week 12: Alexander > Flashcards

Week 12: Alexander Flashcards

1
Q

What weakens Persia by the time of Alexander?

A

Egyptian independence 405-343 BC

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2
Q

Who said conquering Persia is to attain the limit of all that is humanely possible?

A

Isocrates

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3
Q

What does Isocrates mean by saying conquering Persia is to attain the limit of all that is humanely possible?

A

To conquer Persia is to be a step above the simple mortal being, it is to be a hero

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4
Q

Which one of Philip’s wives had a full Greek baby that challenged Alexander to the throne?

A

Eurydice

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5
Q

Even though Eurydice’s baby was a female, why did Olympias see it as a threat to Alexander’s power?

A

Because the female baby would marry a man who could then claim legitimate inheritance of the throne

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6
Q

What caused the quarrel between Alexander and his father?

A
  • Philip is drunk and insults Olympias
  • Alexander is infuriated
  • So Philip exiles Alexander and Olympias to Illyria
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7
Q

Where does Philip exile Olympias and Alexander?

A

Illyria

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8
Q

Who assassinated Philip II?

A

Pausanias

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9
Q

Why did Pausanias kill Philip?

A
  • Pausanias and Philip were lovers
  • Philip supposedly sat as a bystander and allowed Pausanias to be brutally gang raped by Royal Guard members
  • So Pausanias felt betrayed by Philip
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10
Q

Where is Philip assassinated?

A

At the theatre in Aigai (Vergina)

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11
Q

Who was the only full sibling of Alexander the Great?

A

Cleopatra of Macedon

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12
Q

What was Philip celebrating at the theatre in Aigai when he was assassinated?

A

The marriage between Alexander Ist of Epirus and Philip’s daughter Cleopatra of Macedon

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13
Q

Philips assassination occurred ____ months after Alexander and his falling out.

A

6 months

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14
Q

Who does Alexander leave as regent in Macedon?

A

Antipater

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15
Q

Before leaving for Asia-Minor, what did Alexander have to deal with first?

A
  • The Triballi (Thracian tribe in revolt)
  • Also, King Kleitos of Illyria’s revolt
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16
Q

What were Alexanders 2 threats to the north in Macedonia upon inheriting the throne?

A
  • The Triballi (Thracians)
  • King Kleitos of Illyria
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17
Q

Who was Philip’s most trusted commander?

A

Antipater

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18
Q

How large is Alexander’s invasion force?

A

35 000 infantry
18 000 cavalry
200 ships

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19
Q

How many Greek allies did Alexander have with him?

A

9000 (from the Corinthian League)

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20
Q

What is the earliest source on Alexander?

A

Diodorus, Bibliotheca Historica

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21
Q

Which source took Alexander’s story and wrote about what was useful for the Romans to hear about it?

A

Curtius Rufus

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22
Q

Which source glosses over Alexander’s war crimes and portrays him as a model for the perfect Roman Emperor?

A

Arrian (the Roman General)

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23
Q

What are the 2 LEAST informative ancient sources on Alexander?

A
  • Justin
  • Plutarch
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24
Q

Which oracle did Alexander travel across the Libyan desert to seek?

A

Siwah Oasis

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25
Q

What are all the surviving sources on Alexander?

A
  • Curtius Rufus
  • Diodorus
  • Plutarch
  • Justin
  • Arrian
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26
Q

What did the priest at Siwah greet Alexander as?

A
  • The son of Ammon (zeus)
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27
Q

What ancient source said that the priest at Siwah actually meant to say “Little Child” instead of “Son of Ammon”?

A

Plutarch

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28
Q

According to Plutarch, what did the priest of Siwah ACTUALLY mean to say instead of “son of Ammon”

A

“Little Child”

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29
Q

Which ancient source portrays Alexander as an anti-hero megalomaniac?

A

Curtius

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30
Q

According to Plutarch, which 2 questions did Alexander ask the oracle at Siwah?

A
  • Did any of Philip’s assassins get away unpunished?
  • Will I conquer the world?
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31
Q

What is the only source to mention Alexander’s taming of his horse Bucephalus?

A

Plutarch

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32
Q

Explain the story of Bucephalus.

A
  • A Thessalian horse merchant comes to Philip one day asking for a huge amount of money for a beautiful horse
  • Philip is about to send the dealer away, but all of a sudden, a young Alexander says “wait father, I can ride him ill take it father!”
  • Philip says to Alexander: “if you can ride it, ill buy it for you”
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33
Q

How does Alexander manager to tame Bucephalus?

A
  • Alexander notices the horse is afraid of its shadow
  • So, Alexander turns its head towards the sun so it wouldn’t see its shadow
  • This proves Alexander’s cunning ability to analyze complex situations at hand
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34
Q

After his son tamed Bucephalus, what is Philip credited with saying to Alexander?

A

“Find another kingdom, my boy, Macedon is too small for you!” (affectionately)

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35
Q

How can you tell the difference between coinage depicting Alexander and coinage depicting Herakles?

A
  • Herakles has a beard
  • Alexander does not
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36
Q

Who was Alexander’s official portraitist?

A

Lysippis

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37
Q

Who said, “Other artists render men as they are, I show them as they appear to be”?

A

Lysippis

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38
Q

What head to body ratio did Lyssipis sculpt with?

A

1:7

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39
Q

What was the standard head to body ratio on sculptures?

A

1:6

40
Q

True or False:

Alexander was the inspiration for the traditional horned Satan as in the Quoran because of his coins with the horns of Zeus-Ammon.

A

TRUE

41
Q

What is the later Medieval text romanticizing Alexander?

A

Alexander Romance

42
Q

How is Alexander seen in Persian tradition?

A

Sometimes wise, sometimes evil

43
Q

Where does Alexander first land in Asia Minor?

A

Troy

44
Q

What does Alexander take in Troy?

A

Achilles’ Shield

45
Q

What does Alexander vow in Troy?

A

To carry Achilles’ shield all the way to India

46
Q

What is Alexander’s first major battle in Asia-Minor?

A

Granicus River (334 BC)

47
Q

Who saves Alexander’s life at Granicus?

A

Cleitus the Black

48
Q

What does Alexander do to the 7000 Greek mercenary prisoners he captures after Granicus?

A

He executes them all

49
Q

What is Alexander’s strategy at Granicus?

A

He puts his army’s back to the sun, so the Persians will be charging with the sun in their eyes

50
Q

Which oracle does Alexander visit after Granicus?

A

Apollo’s oracle at Didyma

51
Q

What does Alexander install along the way across Asia Minor?

A

“Democratic” governments

52
Q

Which small hilltop town could Alexander simply not capture, to his great vexation?

A

Ternessos

53
Q

How does Alexander nearly drown his entire army?

A

By choosing to march down the treacherous pass of the Lycian Coast

54
Q

Where is the rope-knot with the legend that whoever unties it will become ruler of Asia?

A

Gordion

55
Q

How does Alexander untie the knot at Gordion?

A

He hacks it with his sword

56
Q

In which battle is Darius so confident, he brings all his womenfolk to watch as spectators?

A

Issus (333 BC)

57
Q

Why does Alexander want to take Phonecia?

A

Because if he could take Phonecia, he could take away a huge source of Persian ships and finances.

58
Q

Which city does Alexander besiege and slaughter women and children in retaliation for Phonecian resistance?

A

Tyre

59
Q

Which gardener does Alexander give the throne of Sidon to?

A

Abdalonymus

60
Q

What was professor Weir’s first coin? (bonus question?)

A
  • Alexander coin from Tarsos
61
Q

How many varieties of Alexandrian coins were there?

A

4000

1000 while he was alive
3000 posthumously (ex successors put Alexander on their coins)

62
Q

Why was there such a massive period of minting from 325-323?

A
  • So Alexander could pay off soldiers and discharge them to the Mediterranean
63
Q

Why is modern day Tyre not an island?

A
  • Tyre used to be an island
  • But during the siege, Alexander connected it to mainland to assault it
64
Q

Where is Alexander proclaimed Pharaoh?

A

Memphis

65
Q

What is Darius’ offer to Alexander?

A

-all territory west of the Euphrates

  • co-rulership of the Achaemenid Empire,
  • the hand of one of his daughters in mariage

-30,000 talents of silver

66
Q

After Issus, what was Darius’ peace offer to Alexander?

A
  • He offered ransom money for his family that Alex. captured
  • Co-Rulership of Persia
  • All the Achaemenid empire west of the Euphrates
  • His daughter Stateira’s hand in marriage
  • 30 000 talents in silver
67
Q

What was the name of Darius’ daughter that he offered to Alexander in mariage?

A

Stateira

68
Q

When advised by Parmenion to take Darius’ offer, what does Alexander say?

A

“If I were Parmenion, I suppose I would, yes. But I am Alexander, and I say push on”

69
Q

Who advises Alexander to take Darius’ offer?

A

Parmenion

70
Q

Who was Alexander’s lover?

A

Hephaistion

71
Q

What prevents Alexander from killing Darius at Gaugamela?

A
  • Parmenion’s cavalry on the opposite flank got encircled so Alexander went to save him
72
Q

What god did Alexander pay respects to in Babylon?

A

Bel-Marduk

73
Q

What temple does Alexander rebuild in Babylon?

A

Esagila

74
Q

What city did Alexander proclaim as his capital?

A

Babylon

75
Q

Who did Alexander leave behind as governor of Babylon?

A

Mazaeus (a Persian satrap)

(This will come back to bite Alexander)

76
Q

What were considered to be the 3 great cities of the Persian Empire?

A
  • Babylon
  • Susa
  • Persepolis
77
Q

In which city does Alexander famously sit on Darius’ throne?

A

Susa

78
Q

What was the narrow pass Alexander had to cross to get from Susa to Persepolis?

A

The Persian Gates

79
Q

Where was the last major Persian resistance to Alexander?

A

The Persian Gates (aka the Persian Thermopolaye)

80
Q

Which city does Alexander burn down accidentally?

A

Persepolis

81
Q

How did Alexander manage to burn down Persepolis?

A
  • One night, Alexander got drunk with his friends and an Athenian prostitute and burned the Great Palace down
  • The drunken Alexander supposedly does this in revenge for the Persian Wars
82
Q

What does Alexander visit to pay his respects?

A

Cyrus the Great’s tomb

83
Q

Who assassinates Darius?

A

Spitamenes (a Sogdian warlord allied to Persia)

84
Q

After Darius is dead, who does Alexander need to pursue?

A

Bessus

85
Q

Where does Alexander fall in love with Roxanne?

A

Iksander Gul, Bactria

86
Q

Where do Alexander’s troops mutiny?

A

Hyphasus River

87
Q

How does Alexander react to the mutiny?

A

He executes the ringleaders, has a temper tantrum, but then realizes he can’t push on so they start to return home

88
Q

What does Alexander find in the Swat Valley Pakistan?

A

A blue-eyed tribe called the Kalash

89
Q

How did Alexander interpret the blue eyed Kalash tribe?

A
  • Alexander said that they must be descendents of Dyonisos, for he was born in a nearby mountain (mount Nyssa)
90
Q

Where was Dyonisos said to have been born?

A

Mount Nyssa

91
Q

Which Indian king did Alexander fight at the Hysaspes River?

A

King Porus

92
Q

In what year does Alexander die?

A

323 BC

93
Q

Who is the new ruler of Macedon after Alexander’s death?

A

Philip III Arhhidaeus

94
Q

What were Alexander’s 5 great legacies?

A
  • Brought Greek culture to new lands
  • Brings Eastern thought into Europe
  • Founds the paradigm for future rulers
  • Sets a paradigm for public image
  • Opens up a new cosmopolitan world
95
Q

True or False:

Alexander had an heir upon his death

A

FALSE

Roxanne was pregnant, but he has no successor at his death.

96
Q

Who is the ultimate beneficiary of Alexander?

A

Rome

97
Q

Why does Alexander chose to march down the treacherous Lycian coast?

A

To deny the Persians of friendly harbours

GREEK (12 decks)

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