Week 11: Power Vacuum Flashcards
What was the “leaderboard” for the next few decades after the Peloponnesian War?
- Sparta 404-371 BC
- Thebes 371-362 BC
- Athens 377-355 BC
- Philip II 359-336 BC
- Alexander 336-323 BC
How did Sparta alienate her allies?
- When Lysander imposed all of his decarchies after the Peloponnesian war, he even placed them in allied cities such as Thebes and Corinth
Who initiates the war against the Spartans in Asia-Minor?
Artaxerxes
Which treaty ended the Corinthian War?
The King’s Peace
Who formulated the King’s Peace?
Artaxerxes
What is the name for Spartan governors?
Harmosts
What does Artaxerxes do to cause war against Sparta?
- He kicks out Spartan harmosts and dismantles their decarchies in Ionia
After the Spartan garrison in Thebes was overthrown, what was created?
The Boeotian League
Who started the Boeotian League?
Pelopidas
In which conflict did the Persians give money to Athens?
-The Corinthian War
Which Persian king gave money to Athens?
Artaxerxes
When is the Second Athenian Confederacy formed?
377 BC
True or False
The Second Athenian Confederacy is much more moderate and less imposing than the former Delian League.
TRUE
What does the Second Athenian Confederacy do to make up for the past Delian League impositions?
- They remove their old cleruchies in their old allies states and return the properties to their rightful owners.
Which decree created the Second Athenian Confederacy?
The Decree of Aristoteles
What are the 2 terms of the Decree of Aristoteles?
- Membership is VOLUNTARY
- Athens is accountable to her voluntary allies
(aka allies have veto power)
What caused the Social War of 357 BC?
- Byzantion, Chios, Rhodes, and Kos withdrawal from the Second Athenian Confederacy
- Why? Athens became increasingly dominating over the confederation
Which 4 states withdrew from the Second Athenian Confederacy?
- Byzantion
- Kos
- Chios
- Rhodes
What is the theory involving Philip and the Social War?
- That Philip II meddled in Greek affairs to start the Social War, in order to get cover to take Athenian posessons such as Amphipolis.
While Athens was distracted by the Social War, what did Philip II do?
- He took Athenian possessions up north such as Amphipolis, Pydna and Potideia
What war does Philip involve himself in?
The 3rd Sacred War
What is the Second Athenian Confederacy’s main overall strategy?
- Keep what we can
- Don’t risk being expansive
Where did Athens construct small garrisoned border forts?
- Along the Thebes/Attica border
Explain the Sacred Band
- 300 man Theban elite infantry unit composed of 150 pairs of male lovers
Who formed the Sacred Band?
Epaminondas and his lover Pelopidas
In which battle did the Thebans obliterate the Spartans?
Leuktra 371 BC
Explain the Theban tactics at the battle of Leuktra.
- Thebans formed a very narrow but deep phalanx (50 man deep) to punch through the Spartan lines on the left flank
- They set the phalanxes up diagonally (only the left flank was a narrow and deep phalanx)
- The Spartan army is only composed of 400 Spartiates, the rest unwilling allies
- So the Theban punch phalanx targets the 400 Spartiates and all the Spartan allies flee
At Leuktra, why did the Thebans place their best troops on the right flank?
Because traditionally in a hoplite battle, undisciplined troops shifted towards the right trying to hide behind their comrades shield to their right.
- So, if there are disciplined troops on the right that W’ONT move, they’ll prevent the undisciplined troops from drifting right and losing cohesion
What 3 cities were founded by Thebes as buffer-zones to contain Sparta?
- Megalopolis
- Messene
- Stymphalos
Which polis did the Thebans set up in which helots returned as freemen to their homeland?
Messene
Which battle effectively ENDS the concept of the Polis?
Chaeronea 338 BC
What city does the young Alexander burn and destroy?
Thebes
What single thing does Alexander spare when destroying Thebes?
Pindar’s old house
What advice does Jason of Pherae give to the Thebans after Leuktra?
Not to destroy Sparta after Leuktra
Which ancient historian praises Jason of Pherae for being an outstanding general?
Xenophon
What did Jason of Pherae take over to rule?
- The whole of Thessaly
Jason of Pherae was the first major leader to _________
Make efforts towards his cult of personality and public image
How did Jason of Pherae take over Thessaly and turn it into a powerful state?
By using a powerful mercenary force along with the famous Thessalian cavalry
Who was the first ruler to speak about uniting Greeks to invade Persia?
Jason of Pherae
How did Jason of Pherae secure his public image?
- Hosting religious festivals
- Promoting public welfare
- Preserving culture
Why might Jason of Pherae have given the advice to the Thebans to spare the Spartans after Leuktra?
- So he could become the most powerful ruler of all Greece (not let Thebans get too strong)
True or False
Philip II and Alexander got the idea from the paradigm set by Jason of Pherae.
TRUE
What does Thebes do to contain Sparta after Leuktra?
- Found Megalopolis, Stymphalos and Messene
- Fortify the pre-existing cities of Mantinea and Argos
Which containment city was made up of Arcadian refugees?
Megalopolis
True or False
Stymphalos was politically and economically independent.
FALSE
Stymphalos was NEVER politically or economically independent.
What does the presence of foreign coins tell us about Stymphalos?
That the men couldn’t find work there, so they became mercenaries.
Who was the first Macedonian ruler who tried to prove he was Greek?
Alexander Ist
What does Alexander Ist do to prove he is really Greek?
- Scored an Olympic victory
- Took in refugees from Mycenae
Who was the Macedonian king during the Peloponnesian War?
Perdiccas II
What is Macedon busy with during the Peloponnesian War?
- Fighting off Thracians
- Fighting off Baron’s revolts
- Dealing with Spartan and Athenian interventions up north
Which Macedonian king transferred the capital from Aigai to Pella?
Archelaus
What does Philip II emerge out of in Macedon?
A period of dynastic chaos
What does Archelaus of Macedon do?
He cooperates with Athens and helps regrow Macedonian economy
True or False
The Macedonians spoke both a non-Greek language, and Greek
True
What did the Greeks look down on Macedonians for?
Not diluting their wine with water (pure barbarism)
Why is Macedonian kingship so weak?
- Open area completely reliant on feudal system
- Kings try to stay on the good side of barons
- But, most barons are jealous and want to be king
- So they always revolt
Why are the most Macedonian kings eventually assassinated?
- Because the Barons all want to be kings
- So the Barons assassinate them
Which famous Greek tragic poet does King Archilaus host?
Euripides
Who founded the Mausoleum?
Mausolus (satrap)
What queen is buried in the Mausoleum?
Artemesia
Where did Philip II grow up?
- In Thebes
- As a hostage to Epaminondas
Where was Alexander the Great born?
- Pella
- In the Royal Palace there
What would Philip II put on his coins to emphasize his “Greekness”?
- Symbols of his Olympic victories
Where was Philip assassinated?
- Theatre at Aigai Vergina
Instead of Poleis’, Thessaly had ________
Ethnes (ethnicities)
What are Philip’s big military reforms?
- Introduction of the Sarissa
- Use of artillery
- Introduction of more diversified military units (inspired by Sacred Band)
- Hugely expands the Cavalry (because Thessaly and Macedonia have tons of horses)
Who is the first to ask for Philip’s help?
Thessaly
Philip declared his soldiers to be his _______________
Pezhetaroi (foot companions)
What were Philip’s 2 big social reforms?
- Appeals to the serfs to join his army to become his pezhetaroi
- Creates the Royal Pages
What are the Royal Pages?
- Nobles sons who become pages (valets) to Philip
- AKA he takes them hostage and disguises it as some great honour
- i.e If the nobles try anything funny Philip has their sons ransom
What 4 cities does Philip annex as his first course of action?
- Amphipolis
- Pydna
- Methone
- Potidea
What 2 cities does Philip found?
- Philippi
- Dion
Who does Philip ally himself with initially?
The Molossians
How does Philip ally himself with the Molossians?
- He marries a Molossian woman (Olympias) (Alexander’s mother)
How many wives did Philip have officially?
7
What was Philips key to power and popular support
He fights and suffers alongside his men (slept in the same tent, etc.)
How did Philip lose his eye?
He got an arrow or a crossbow bolt to the eye
Who tries to take over Delphi, causing the 3rd Sacred War?
- The Phokians
True or False:
Philip is invited to help against the Phokians in the 3rd Sacred War.
TRUE
At which battle did Philip obliterate the Phokians?
Crocus Field
After his victory at Crocus, Philip is declared ______________
Tagos of Thessaly
What does Philip gain control of after the 3rd Sacred War?
The Amphictionic league
(replaces the Thebans as its leader)
After which conflict is Philip II proclaimed “leader of all Greece”
3rd Sacred War
What is the name of the Peace treaty between Athens and Philip?
Peace of Philocrates (346)
Who is Demosthenes’ opponent in the Philippic arguments?
Aeschines
What do Demosthenes and Aeschines clash over?
Appeasement or confrontation of Philip
Who proposes appeasement to Philip?
Aeschines
Who is our source for the battle of Chaeronea?
Diodorus
What 2 major allies finally stand up to Philip at the Battle of Chaeronea?
- Athens
- Thebes
In what year was the battle of Chaeronea?
338 BC
What unit was completely obliterated at the battle of Chaeronea?
The Sacred Band
Instead of punishing the Greeks after Chaeronea, what does Philip found?
The Corinthian League
In what year was the Corinthian League founded by Philip?
338 BC
True or False:
Philip elects himself hegemon of the Corinthian League.
True
What was the name of Philip’s temple at Olympia?
The Philipeion
Why was the Philipeion controversial?
Because only gods could have a temple at a sacred site named after them.
What does Philip plan after Chaeronea?
To invade Persia
What 2 pre-existing cities does Thebes fortify after Leutkra to help contain Sparta?
- Mantinea
- Argos
