Week 10: Peloponnesian War Pt. II Flashcards
Why don’t Ancient Greek historians really talk about money?
- Thinking about money is considered low class
- And most ancient Greek historians were aristocrats so they didnt think about something low class
What art style emerges in Athens during the Peloponnesian War?
High Classical Style
High Classical Art emphasized _________ over ________.
Idealism over Realism
What is the most defining feature of High Classical Art?
Humans and Gods look the same
Why did High Classical Art emphasize Idealism over Realism?
- Because the world was in disarray with this war, idealism served as escapism
- OR, it’s Athenian propaganda stating that Athenians are equivalent to gods
Who suggested that humans made Gods in their own image rather than the other way around?
Sophocles
Sophocles said the only thing separating humans from gods is _______.
death
What did the poet Pindar say humans were in his Pythian Ode?
“Creatures of a day”
(i.e in some instances man is temporarily immortal, like the glory of winning the Olympics for instance)
What is the word for aristocratic beauty/excellence? (ex. chivalry basically)
Kalokagathia
Why did the Classical sculptor choose idealizing?
- To evoke Kalokagathia
- Interest in the relation between human and divine
What ancient Greek sculpture style looks like later romanticism era pieces?
Rich Style
(all sculptures look really alive)
How did people portray themselves as godlike in sculptures?
By not looking at the viewer
In what year did sculptures begin to look at the viewer?
400 BC
Where do we get the word Apocalypse from?
Apocalypse is the word for an Athenian woman unveiling herself
What begins to become a financial burden for Athens once the war begins?
It’s social programs
What peace temporarily halted the Peloponnesian war in 421 BC?
The Peace of Nicias
In what year was the Peace of Nicias signed?
421 BC
What were the terms for the Peace of Nicias?
- 50 year peace
- Both sides must give back ALL captured cities and POW’s
What was the problem with the Peace of Nicias’ terms?
- Sparta cannot give Amphipolis back (because its inhabitants were super pro-Spartan)
- Many of Sparta’s allies REFUSED to sign
- The treaty prohibited war between Sparta and Athens, BUT NOT THEIR ALLIES
Who feels left our of the Peace of Nicias?
Alcibiades
Which peace did Alcibiades feel left out from, prompting him to pick on Melos for recognition?
Peace of Nicias
Which Sicilian polis appealed to Athens for help in 415 BC?
Egesta
(for help in their war against Selinos)
Why is Alcibiades called back on his way to the Sicilian expedition?
For trial on accusations against him for the defiling of the Hermes statues
How many Athenian POWs perish in the Syracusan quarry?
7000
Where did Alcibiades flee upon being summoned for his trial of sacrilege in Athens?
Sparta
Which 2 Athenian generals were executed by the Syracusans?
Demosthenes and Nicias
Where do the Spartans set up a fort near Athens?
Dekeleia
Who advised the Spartans to set up a fort in Dekeleia?
Alcibiades
What was Athens’ big healing sanctuary?
Asklepeion
Healing cults become increasingly popular in the ______ centuries.
late 5th and 4th centuries BC
What was the most famous healing sanctuary of the Ancient world?
The Sanctuary of Asklepios, Epidauros
Which foreign god had a shrine in the Sanctuary of Asklepios in Epidauros?
Isis
Who was the first person to have a portrait of himself on a coin?
Tissaphernes
(Persian satrap of Lydia)
Who brings Persia into the Peloponnesian War?
Tissaphernes
What causes the oligarchic coup of 411 BC in Athens?
- Tissaphernes says Persia will give great riches to Athens if they topple their democracy
- So, democracy is toppled
What political body is set up during the coup of 411 BC in Athens?
The Council of the 400
Who is Tissaphernes’ messenger?
Alcibiades
How does the coup fail?
The Athenian fleet returns to Athens, blockades their own city, and executes the members of the 400
What is the effect of the coup of 411 BC?
- Athens manages to reinstall democracy, BUT, they feel greatly weakened
Who gave Persian money to Sparta to build a fleet?
Tissaphernes
True or False
As soon as Sparta receives money from Persia to build a fleet, they begin to turn the tide in numerous naval victories.
FALSE
Despite receiving money from the Persians for a fleet, the Spartans lose 2 naval battles against the Athenians.
What causes Sparta to sue for peace for a 2nd time?
They got all this money for a navy and still lose naval battles to the Athenians.
(But the Athenians refuse the peace again)
Which Persian Prince teams up with Lysander and increases Persian funding for Sparta?
Cyrus the younger
What is a mothax?
A half-blooded Spartan
True or False
Lysander was a mothax
TRUE
(his mother was a helot)
How is Alcibiades treated when he finally returns to Athens after helping the Spartans and the Persians?
Amazingly
The Athenians, for some reason, still love him. They see him as a great hope.
True or False:
Athens even promotes Alcibiades as Strategoi upon returning from Sparta and Persia?
TRUE
Somehow
In what naval battle did the newly promoted Alcibiades lose miserably to the Spartan fleet?
The Battle of Notium 406 BC
(Athens kicks Alcibiades out again after this)
What event caused Athens to melt down the Athena Nike statue to fund more triremes?
- Lysander’s blockading of the Athenian fleet at Mytilene
After which Athenian naval victory where Athenian admirals were put to death for not saving survivors in a subsequent storm?
Arginusae
True or False
After executing the admirals, the Athenian assembly changed their minds, and executed the members who voted for the executions in the first place.
TRUE!
After which battle does Sparta sue for peace a THIRD TIME?
Arginusae
Which Athenian statesman refuses the final Spartan peace offer after Arginusae?
Kleophon
What was the final Athenian naval disaster of the war?
Aegospotami
Why might the Spartans have lost the war if it continued for any longer?
Because shortly after the war, Darius II dies, and the Anti-Greek Artaxerxes comes into power, and refuses to fund the Spartans or any Greeks
What political body do the Spartans install in Athens after her defeat?
The 30 Tyrants
After defeat, Athens fleet is reduced to ______ ships.
12
Who was the most violent and extreme member of the 30 Tyrants?
Critias
Who was the more moderate member of the 30 Tyrants?
Theramenes
Why does Critias accuse Theramenes of treason?
- Because Theramenes criticized Critias for establishing his power by force, which will only turn the people against him
In the trial, what did Critias label Theramenes as?
“The Slipper” (meaning he can fit on either foot)
(aka Theramenes is weak and treacherous)
Before being executed, what did Theramenes say?
- Theramenes took his execution with honour and humour
- He also said to the observers “do something about this now, for it is me today, and you tommorow”
Why does Xenophon say it is better to be a “slipper?
- Because extremists don’t give room for compromise OR even supporters
What did Lysander abolish in Athens?
People’s courts (dikasteria)
What was Lysanders new constitution imposed in Athens?
- 5 ephors to oversee boule
- Anti-Democratic boule of 500
- 30 Tyrants have all the power
Lysander establishes ___________ in captured former Delian League allied states.
decarchies
Where do the Democratic Athenian exiles flee when the 30 Tyrants are installed?
Thebes
What Athenian politician do the Athenian democratic exiles gather under in Thebes?
Thrasybulus
What did the Amnesty Decree of 403 BC say?
- Democracy is to be restored
- Nobody is to be held liable for things they did under the 30 Tyrants
- Forgive and Forget
On what 2 charges is Socrates forced to commit suicide?
- Impeity
- Corrupting the youth
When does Socrates commit suicide?
399 BC
Who brings back democracy to Athens?
Thrasybulus
Which Spartan king is kicked out on the assumption that he is Alcibiades’ son?
Leotychidas
True or False:
Lysander had plans to create a single monarchial elected kingship before he died.
TRUE
Who is the old school Spartan king that went through the agogai system himself?
Agiselaos
Who calls in Xenophon’s 10 000?
Prince Cyrus wants to overthrow his brother Artaxerxes so he calls in Xenophon’s 10 000 for help.
Xenophon made it all the way into modern day _______
Iraq
Which Spartan king invaded Asia Minor?
Agiselaos
Which war puts Athens back on its feet?
The Corinthian War
What is the name for the unsuccessful conspiracy to overthrow the Spartan system?
The Kinadon Conspiracy
What does the Kinadon conspiracy tell us?
- There is discontent in Sparta
- Kinadon was a “failed Spartan” who never made it past the agogai system
- He united all the similar discontented people within Sparta
Which Theban leader overthrew the Spartan garrisons in Thebes?
Pelopidas
What made the Thebans grow strong?
- The Spartan kept attacking and harassing Thebes so much that each time, they got more and more fighting experience and knowledge.
Which notable admiral was executed following the Arginusae trials?
Pericles the Younger
