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DEN1DSB > WEEK 12 > Flashcards

WEEK 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

a musculofascial cylinder that links the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the larynx and eosophagus

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2
Q

where does the pharynx extend from

A

base of the skull (sphenoid and occipital bones) to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of C6 vertebrae

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3
Q

what is the function of the muscle in the pharynx

A

contract to push bolus of food from pharynx to eosophagus

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4
Q

what is the function of fascia in the pharynx

A

gives the wall enough strength

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5
Q

what are the subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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6
Q

what is the highest skeletal support of the larynx?

A

hyoid bone

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7
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

A

its open, it communicates with the nasal cavity

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8
Q

what are the roof and posterior boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

occipital and sphenoid bones

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9
Q

what is the anterior communication of the nasopharynx?

A

communicates with nasal cavity through choanae

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10
Q

where else does the nasopharynx communicate? laterally

A

the middle ear cavity via auditory tube

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11
Q

where is the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

along the posterior wall of nasopharynx

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12
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the oropharynx?

A

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

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13
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the oropharynx?

A

vertebral canal

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14
Q

what is the superior boundary of the oropharynx?

A

soft palate

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15
Q

what is the anterior communication of the oropharynx?

A

oral cavity via fauces

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16
Q

what is the superior communication of the oropharynx?

A

nasopharynx through pharyngeal isthmus

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17
Q

what is a feature of the oropharynx

A

presence of palatine tonsil in its lateral wall

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18
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

posterior to the larynx and extends from the superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage where it is continuous with the oesophagus

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19
Q

what does the laryngopharynx communicate with?

A

larynx anteriorly through the laryngeal inlet

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20
Q

what is a feature of the laryngopharynx?

A

the piriform recess is a small depression on either side of the laryngeal inlet

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21
Q

what is the laryngeal inlet?

A

communication between laryngopharynx and larynx

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22
Q

what is the airway path of the pharynx?

A

nasal cavity, through choanae to nasopharynx through pharyngeal isthmus to oropharynx to laryngopharynx through layringeal inlet to larynx

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23
Q

what is the food and fluid pathway through pharynx?

A

oral cavity through fauces to oropharynx to laryngopharynx to oesophagus

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24
Q

how does the pharynx communicate to the middle ear?

A

through auditory tube

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25
Q

what is speech a function of?

A

the pharynx

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26
Q

the ability of the pharynx to produce these functions is dependent on

A
  • muscular walls
  • Tube of variable shape
  • Vavling to direct flow of contents velum, tongue, epiglottis
  • patency of openings to other spaces.
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27
Q

what openings do the flap vales of the pharynx regulate?

A

pharyngeal isthmus, fauces, laryngeal inlet

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28
Q

what are the flap valves of the pharynx?

A

tongue (fauces), soft palate (pharyngeal isthmus), epiglottis (laryngeal inlet)

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29
Q

how does the soft palate act as a flutter valve?

A

elevates to close the pharyngeal isthmus to seal off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. depresses to close off the fauces

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30
Q

what are the three layers of the wall of the pharynx

A

mucosa, fibromuscular layer, fibrous layer

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31
Q

what are the fibromuscular layers

A

pharyngobasilar fascia and the constrictors

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32
Q

what is the fibrous layer made out of?

A

buccopharyngeal fascia (dense irregular tissue)

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33
Q

what are the 3 constrictor muscles?

A

superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor

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34
Q

what is pharyngobasilar fascia connected to?

A

pharynx and base of the skull

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35
Q

what is the gap between the constrictor muscles and the base of the skull filled with?

A

pharyngobasillar fascia

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36
Q

what are the constrictor muscles and pharyngobasillar muscles covered with?

A

buccopharyngeal fascia (outer most fibrous layer)

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37
Q

what does the superior constrictor surround?

A

nasopharynx

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38
Q

what does the middle constrictor surround?

A

oropharynx

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39
Q

what does the inferior constrictor surround?

A

laryngopharynx

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40
Q

what are the two parts of the inferior constrictor?

A

thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus

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41
Q

what is the action of the superior constrictor?

A

closes nasopharynx during swallowing

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42
Q

what is the action of the middle constrictor

A

closes pharynx during swallowing to push bolus

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43
Q

what is the action of the inferior constrictor

A

contracts when there is bolus to propel it

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44
Q

what is the action of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

pulls pharynx towards styloid process to elevate it

45
Q

what is the action of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

moves soft palate and pharynx depending on what is fixed

46
Q

what innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

glossopharyngeal

47
Q

what innervates the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

vagus nerve

48
Q

what is the MOTOR innervation of ALL muscles in the pharynx except for stylopharyngeus?

A

pharyngeal plexus, carrying both sensory and motor fibres, because VAGUS is mainly motor and glossopharyngeal is mainly sensory

49
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the pharynx

A

naso pharynx - maxillary
oropharynx - glossopharyngeal
laryngopharynx - vagus

50
Q

what is the gag reflex?

A

involuntary reaction to clear the upper airway

51
Q

what is the sensory input of the gag reflex?

A

stimulated by touching oropharynx (soft palate, fauces, posterior 1/3 of tongue) GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

52
Q

what is the motor input of the gag reflex?

A

elevation of soft palate, retching (contraction of palatal and pharyngeal muscles) VAGUS

53
Q

What are tonsils?

A

a collection of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the pharynx surrounding the openings of nasal and oral cavities

54
Q

What are the 4 tonsils of Waldeyer’s ring?

A

pharyngeal, lingual, palatine, tubal

55
Q

what are adenoids?

A

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

56
Q

where are pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

roof and posterior wall of nasopharynx

57
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

58
Q

where are palatine tonsils located?

A

lateral wall of oropharynx

59
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils located?

A

lateral walls of the nasopharynx

60
Q

what is used as a guide to find the laryngoinlet?

A

vallecula

61
Q

what is the posterior relationship of the larynx?

A

laryngopharynx and cervical vertebral column

62
Q

what is the lateral relationship of the larynx?

A

neurovascular bundle (CCA, Vagus, IJV)

63
Q

what is the superior relationship of the larynx?

A

hyoid bone

64
Q

what is the inferior relationship of the larynx

A

trachea at C6 and Thyroid gland

65
Q

explain how a larynx is a tube within a tube

A

inner lining is membranes and ligaments, outer skeletal tube is cartilaginous and fibrous membranes

66
Q

what are the unpaired skeletal parts of the larynx?

A

epiglottis (elastic), thryoid (hyaline), cricoid (hyaline)

67
Q

what are the paired parts of the skeletal tube of the larynx?

A

arytenoids, corniculate and cuneiform

68
Q

where can you find arytenoids?

A

above the superior border of the cricoid cartilate posteriorly

69
Q

where can you find corniculate and cuneiform

A

posteriorly

70
Q

what is the adams apple?

A

thyroid prominence

71
Q

what are the parts of the thyroid cartilage?

A

2 superior horns, 2 inferior horns, 2 laminas, and a prominence

72
Q

what are the parts of the cricoid cartilage?

A

arch and lamina

73
Q

what are the membranes of the outer skeletal tube?

A

thyroid membrane, cricothyroid membrane, cricotracheal membrane

74
Q

what is the inner lining of the larynx?

A

epiglottis, laryngeal inlet, lingual flaps and glottis

75
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the laryngeal inlet?

A

epiglottis

76
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the laryngeal inlet?

A

aryepiglottic folds

77
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the laryngeal inlet?

A

arytenoid cartilages

78
Q

what is just above the glottis?

A

supraglottic cavity

79
Q

what is just below the glottis?

A

infraglottic cavity

80
Q

what is the supraglottic cavity lined with?

A

quadreangular membrane

81
Q

what is the infraglottic cavity lined with?

A

conus elasticus

82
Q

the lower part of the quadrangular membrane gets thickened to form

A

vestibular ligaments (False vocal cords)

83
Q

the upper part of conus elasticus gets thickened to form

A

vocal ligaments (true vocal folds)

84
Q

what is the space between true vocal folds called?

A

glottis

85
Q

what does the epiglottis indicate?

A

level or laryngeal inle

86
Q

what do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

help with respiration and speech

87
Q

what do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do?

A

help with mastication

88
Q

what is the sensory innervation of intrinsic muscles?

A

vagus, supraglottic cavity is internal laryngeal nerve and infraglottic cavity is recurrent laryngeal nerve

89
Q

what is the motor innervation of the intrinsic muscles?

A

vagus

90
Q

what innervates extrinsic muscles?

A

spinal nerves

91
Q

what is the soft palate?

A

a moveable mass separating the oropharynx from the nasopharynx

92
Q

what is the soft palate made out of?

A

muscle (no bone)

93
Q

how is the soft palate a mobile articulator?

A

differentiates nasal from non-nasal sounds

94
Q

what is the relationship of the soft palate to the nasal cavity?

A

it forms the floor of the nasal cavity

95
Q

what is the relationship of the soft palate to the nasopharynx?

A

lies anteriorly

96
Q

what is the relationship of the soft palate to the oral cavity?

A

forms posterior roof of oral cavity

97
Q

what is the relationship of the soft palate to the oropharynx?

A

lies superiorly

98
Q

what is velopharyngeal closure?

A

closure of pharyngeal wall. Raised and tensed soft palate comes in contact with it, formed by the superior fibres of superior constrictor

99
Q

what is passavants ridge?

A

soft tissue prominence on the posterior pharyngeal wall, along the superior constrictor muscle

100
Q

Functions of velopharyngeal closure

A
  1. Keeps food and fluid out of airway
  2. Directs orally inspired air onto OP (gasping/yawning)
  3. Directs expired air through oral cavity (coughing/ blowing / most speech sounds)
101
Q

Sensory innervation of the oral surface of the soft palate

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

102
Q

Sensory innervation of the most pharyngeal surface of the soft palate

A

Maxillary division of trigeminal

103
Q

Motor innervation of the soft palate

A

Pharyngeal plexus
Mandibular division of trigeminal

104
Q

4 stages of swallowing

A
  1. Oral preparatory stage (mastication)
  2. Oral stage (propulsion of bolus)
  3. Pharyngeal stage (pharyngeal swallow)
  4. Oesophageal stage
105
Q

4 stages of swallowing

A
  1. Oral preparatory stage (mastication)
  2. Oral stage (propulsion of bolus)
  3. Pharyngeal stage (pharyngeal swallow)
  4. Oesophageal stage
106
Q

Oral preparatory stage

A

Food id prepared for swallowing
- lips are sealed shut after introduction of food
- tounge moves food around, mixes it with saliva
- soft palate is depressed
- oropharyngeal isthmus/ faces are closed

107
Q

Oral stage

A
  • elevation of anterior tongue
  • food reaches the faucial pillars that triggers the next phase (pharyngeal)
108
Q

Pharyngeal stage

A
  • elevation of soft palate (velopharyngeal closure)
  • epiglottis depends to cover the laryngeal inlet
  • cricipharyngeus relaxes
109
Q

Oesophageal stage

A

Purely reflexive and not under voluntary control

DEN1DSB (15 decks)

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