week 11: victims Flashcards
what are the types of quality of life measures
generic quality of life measures
health-related quality of life measures
what are the categories of the quality of life framework
social material conditions
role functioning
life satisfaction and wellbeing
what is role functioning talking about
social functioning eg. friends
occupational functioning eg. work
interpersonal functioning eg. relationships
what can life satisfaction and wellbeing include
happiness
aspiration and achievements
positive experiences and feelings
absence of negative experiences and feelings
emotional maturity
measures surrounding life satisfaction is generally
subjective
what can social-material conditions include
employment
income
housing
health costs
healthcare utilisation
employer costs
what are some examples of healthcare utilisation for social-material conditions
victims may not seek health care due to:
distrust of authority
fear of institutional settings
fear of people in uniform
what are some examples of employer costs for social-material conditions
may not be comfortable around working with men
high absent
panic attacks
how common is crime
relatively rare
what is the common trend for crime
most crimes have been declining since the 1970s
what are the general crime types
personal victimisation
property victimisation
what are personal victimisation crimes
crimes against persons
examples of personal victimisation crimes
assault
sexual offences
homicide
what is property victimisation crimes
crimes against property
examples of property victimisation
house break in
theft
what does Janoff-Bulmans cognitive theory of trauma believe
post-traumatic stress following victimisation may be due to the shattering of three basic assumptions victims hold of themselves, other people and the world
what are the 3 beliefs victims may hold which can lead to post traumatic stress
benevolence of the world
meaningfulness of the world
self worth
what areas of a persons wellbeing can experience problems after criminal victimisation
physical
behavioural
psychological
what are some examples of physical symptoms from criminal victimisation
injury
psychosomatic symptoms
what are some examples of behavioural symptoms from criminal victimisation
withdrawal
avoidance
hypervigilance
substance abuse
what are some examples of psychological symptoms from criminal victimisation
mood (depression and anxiety)
stress (post-traumatic stress disorder too)
shame
fear
mental health effects lead to impacts across several key quality of life domains including:
role functioning
life satisfaction and wellbeing
social-material conditions
examples of mental health impact on role functioning
parent- reduced patience and motivation
partner- conflict, reduced intimacy
employee- lower performance, unemployment
friend- withdrawal, isolation
examples of mental health impact on life satisfaction and wellbeing
fear of crime
concerns for personal safety
happiness
examples of mental health impact on social-material conditions
direct effects on health and legal costs in the case of physical injury
indirect effects on employers due to employee attrition, low productivity, general costs to the system
Prevalence of depression in victims is greater in:
females
older victims
what percentage of Norweign victims met the criteria for anxiety and depression
44%
what percentage of American victims of sexual violence had been diagnosed with depression
18.82%
what percentage of American victims of sexual violence had been diagnosed with anxiety disorder
8.37%
what percentage of American victims of sexual violence had been diagnosed with both depression and anxiety
28.28%
what symptoms did victims of sexual violence experience with their mental health
significantly more days with poor concentration
sleep difficulties
poor appetite
little interest of pleasure in activities
blaming themselves
having little enegery
what are the symptoms of PTSD
intrusive thoughts and memories of past crimes
efforts to avoid thinking about it
trouble sleeping
difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, irritability
negative alterations in cognitions and mood eg. poor self esteem
what percentage of Norweign victims of physical violence scored probable in PTSD
33%
what percentage of American victims of physical crimes met the criteria for PTSD 6 months post crime
20.3%
what victims have worse PTSD symptoms
victims who perceive the crime as beyond their control
when did victims have less PTSD symptoms
when the victims felt they had an element of control
what is related to PTSD
fear
withdrawal
avoidance
what does experiencing crime increase the risk of
being victimised again in the future
when does most repeat burglary victimisation occur
within 1-2 months of the first victimisation
what leads to social withdrawal for victimisation/PTSD
avoidance of reminders of crime such as places, people, environments, situations
why do people get robbed again so soon after the original crime
because they know you had to replace the items
what are some benefits for victim interaction with the criminal justice system
empowerment
closure
satisfaction (varies)
acknowledgement
validation
how can victim interaction with the criminal justice system be re-traumatising
reliving events
encountering offender
cross-examination
why might people be reluctant to report crimes
misunderstanding of court procedures
shame esp sexual and violent crimes
fear of retribution by offender
fear of further violence or harm
fear of losing children
mistrust in cjs
lack of culturally sensitive victim support
lack of anonymity or confidentiality
what are some system related barriers that result in non-reporting of crimes
police would not or could not do anything
police didn’t think it was serious enough
fear of not being believed by the police
lack of evidence/proof
did not know how to report
who accounts for a disproportionate number of victims
minority groups
what do minority groups experience
victimisation on a number of levels
other forms of disadvantage and social exclusion
where does minority victimisation derive from
their identity
marginal status
structural powerlessness
what percentage of minority victims reported the crime
15-20%
why are victims reluctant to report crimes
victims anticipate lack of concern
fear secondary victimisation
fear hostility, further abuse or inaction
what are victimised minority groups not adequately accounted for in
official stats or victime surveys
what are the 5 distinct types of harm associated with crime related to culture, ethnicity and race
harm to the initial victim
harm to the victims group
harm to the victims wider group
harm to other targeted communities
harm to societal norms and values
how often do indigenous australians experience violence
2-5x more than non-indigenous
what percentage of violence against indigenous women are not disclosed
90%
what is selective policing
law enforcement officers taking less seriously the victimisation of indigenous persons
not fitting stereotypical image of female victims
what types of criminal victimisation are people with disabilities likely to experience
physical/personal
property
sexual
why is the prevalence of disabled people victimisation likely to be underestimated
impaired judgement from intellectual disabilities
deficits in adaptive behaviour
accompanying physical disabilities, including limited speech
high-risk environments
their frequent contact with unscrupulous care-givers, friends and family
lack of knowledge about their rights
the attraction of some abusers to environments in which they will encounter vulnerable victims
what does intellectual impairment alone not predict
vulnerability to criminal behaviour
when are people with disabilities more at risk
3x higher when they live alone or with other disabled people
how is crimes against disabled people usually reported
by others
why are disabled children more vulnerable to victimisation
because of dependence on caregivers
why are children with disabilities less likely to report
language, cognitive ability, lack of contact with others, social isolation
what are some risk factors for children with disabilties
child maltreatment
harsh parenting
witnessing interparental violence
alcohol and drug use
violent delinquency
frequent internet use
what are children with disabilities more likely to experience
child abuse and sexual abuse from care givers or parents
what percentage of physically disabled girls have experienced contact sexual violence
25.95%
how does the number of physically disabled girls experiencing contact sexual violence compare to able bodied girls
1.29 times more likely
what percentage of physically disabled boys have experienced contact sexual violence
18.50%
how does the number of physically disabled boys experiencing contact sexual violence compare to able-bodied boys
2.78 times more likely
what is the lifetime prevalence of non-contact sexual violence for girls with physical liabilities
48.11%
what is the lifetime prevalence of non-contact sexual violence for boys with physical liabilities
31.76%
how does the number of physically disabled boys experiencing noncontact sexual violence compare to able-bodied boys
1.95 times more likely
how does the number of physically disabled boys experiencing contact sexual violence compare to able-bodied girls
1.44 times more likely
what gender is physical disability a significant predictor of both contact and noncontact sexual violence
boys not girls
example of noncontact sexual violence/victimisation
grooming
showing porn
impacts of victimisation to children
emotional and behavioural disturbances
sexualised behaviour
attachment relationship dysfunction
learning and schooling difficulties
difficulties with friendships
intergenerational trauma
