week 10: offenders Flashcards
why is forensic psychologists different to clinical psychologists
because the seeking of help is mandated
what is rehabilitation
is a model that emphasises the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender
what type of system does rehab belong to
the modern penal system, circa 19th century
what type of system was rehab part of in the past
the classical penal system
what was the classical penal system informed by
enlightenment
what is meant by enlightenment in the classical penal system
focused on the dignity and worth of the individual
what is the classical model view of free will
free will enables human beings to purposely choose to follow a calculated course of action
what is the classical penal view of crime
crime is attractive and is controlled through the fear of punishment
what is the classical penal system model view of punishment
punishment is to be applied equally to all offenders
punishment works best when perceived to be: severe, certain, swift
what happens when we increase the punishment
we increase the severity of the crime
why does the increase in punishment increase severity of crime
because if the punishment is the same you may aswell do the worst thing that potentially has higher reward
what is the ideology of the classical model
utilitarian
what is the classical models view of criminals
criminals are essentially the same as non-criminals. they commit crimes after calculating costs and benefits
when did rehabilitation and the modern penal system emerge
with the growth of new scientific disciplines like psychiatry, psychology and psychotherapy
how is human behaviour viewed based on the modern system
human behaviour is determined and not a matter of free will
are criminals the same as non-criminals in the modern penal system
criminals are fundamentally different
what is crime caused by in the modern approach
crime is frequently caused by a multiple factors such as:
psychology
biological
social
that constrain our rationality
what does the modern system focus on
offenders rather than systems
how is punishment applied in the modern model
to be applied differently to different offenders
what are programs designed for in the modern approach
programs designed to address individual differences of offenders
based on modern penal system, criminal behaviour may be:
pre-determined
how pre-determined is criminal behaviour based on the modern penal system
soft determinism
what is soft determinism
represents a middle ground, people do have a choice, but that choice is constrained by external or internal factors
what does contemporary rehab emphasise
personal responsibility for offending and rehabilitation
what does contemporary rehabilitation often involve
restorative justice
therapeutic jurisprudence
specialist courts
what is restorative justice
a process whereby all the parties with a stake in a particular offence come together to resolve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future
what does restorative justice focus on
the needs of the victims of crime
how does restorative justice focus on the needs of the victims of the crime
holds offenders accountable and responsible for the harm they have caused
offenders have to acknowledge their wrongdoing and repair harm to victims
types of models in restorative justice
circle sentencing
victim/offender mediation
family group conferencing
community reparation boards
when is circle sentencing used
in Indigenous cases
what does circle sentencing do differently
they have a high power Indigenous elder instead of a judge
what does circle sentencing focus on
the behaviour rather than the person
what is the victim/offender mediation
victims, offender and facilitator get together and talk it out. Apology involved and the victims have a say in the outcomes
what is family group conferencing
the family of the offender can sit down together and come up with solutions
what are community reparation boards
a group of community members come together to decide outcomes rather than family and victims
where is restorative justice seeing alot of success
juvenile justice
what is therapeutic jurisprudence
concerned with the human, emotional, and psychological ramifications of the law and legal processes, and on those that encounter its institutions
what does therapeutic jurisprudence focus on
therapeutic interventions to start to rehabilitate an offender during the court process
what can therapeutic jurisprudence also be referred as
collaborative justice
what does therapeutic jurisprudence recognise
that the law and legal processes can have positive or negative effects on participants, including offenders
what does therapeutic jurisprudence look at
looks at how the courts work, sentencing process, sentences, speciality courts, etc
what does therapeutic jurisprudence promote
an interdisciplinary approach for understanding legal issues through psychological analysis
what does therapeutic jurisprudence call for
researchers, mental health workers, lawyers and judges to apply techniques drawn from psychology and social work
why does therapeutic jurisprudence draw from psychology and social work
to motivate offenders to accept rehabilitation and treatment, and to pursue it successfully
what does therapeutic jurisprudence acknowledge
that court procedures can often make things worse for offenders mental health and ability to seek rehabilitation
what might therapeutic jurisprudence result in
specialty courts
types of specialty courts in QLD
drug courts
mental health courts
Indigenous courts
family violence court
why were specialty courts established
to address:
drug dependency in offenders
mental health problems and offending
Indigenous over-representation
family and domestic violence
what are the 3 roles specialty courts can serve
1 of the 3 roles:
court as case manager
alternative diversionary operators and case monitors
specialist adjudicator for sentencing
key models to offender rehabilitation
the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model
the good lives model (GLM)
what type of model is the risk need responsivity (RNR)
psychological (offender deficit) model
what type of model is the good lives model (GLM)
psychosocial (desistence) model
what is the risk need responsivity model based on
a correctional intervention model based on the factors of risk, need, and responsivity
what is the risk principle in RNR
match level of program intensity to offender risk level
what does the question: ‘how likely is a person to engage in criminal behaviour?’ tell us
tells us who to target for what types of treatment
what does the risk principle in RNR help
helps organise the treatment of offenders according to the level of risk they pose to society
what do high risk offenders need
more treatment and supervision to decrease their likelihood of recidivism
what do low risk offenders need
less treatment and supervision to decrease their likelihood of recidivism
what is the need principle in rnr
assesses criminogenic needs and target them in treatment
what are criminogenic needs
dynamic risk factors
what do criminogenic needs contribute to
the likelihood that someone will commit a crime
what does need principle in RNR look at
areas in a persons life should be targeted for intervention/supervision in order to decrease their likelihood of future criminal behaviour
what else can also be assessed in need principle RNR
non-criminogenic needs
why is the RNR a deficit model
we are looking at what is missing and what is wrong
what are criminogenic needs
pro-criminal attitudes
criminal associates
substance abuse
antisocial personality
problem-solving skills
hostility/anger
what are non-criminogenic needs
self-esteem
anxiety
feelings of alienation
psychological discomfort
group cohesion
neighbourhood improvement
what is the responsivity principle in RNR
maximise the offenders ability to learn from a rehabilitative intervention
what does responsivity principle look at
what personal strengths and/or characteristics of offenders (motivation, learning style, ethnic identity) might influence the effectiveness of treatment services
what type of responsivity is assessed in RNR
general and specific
what does general responsivity use
social learning methods to influence behaviour
what does specific responsivity modify
strategies in accordance with the strengths, motivations, readiness to change, personality, mental status, learning ability, learning style, circumstances and demographics of individual cases
what individual factors that might influence the effectiveness of treatment services
anxiety
ADHD
motivation level
gender
reading level
ESL
language
what are some weaknesses for RNR
difficulty in motivating offenders
short stays in corrections
deficit-oriented approach
negative (or avoidant) treatment goals
what might RNR not recognise
the role of:
personal agency/identity
non-criminogenic needs
context in rehabilitation
why is it difficult motivating offenders in RNR
offenders want to know how they can lead a better life, and what the positive rewards in desisting form crime are not necessarily what is wrong with them
what do alternative models to RNR usually involve
desistance theories
example of desistance theories
good lives model
what does desistance theories incorporate
strength-based approaches
desitance theories is oriented towards
reducing reoffending from a more positive recognition of offender strengths and personal capital
what does the good lives model go beyond
tackling risk factors, towards a holistic reconstruction of the self
what does good lives model focus on
discovering agency (personal responsibility)
how many goals are there for good lives model
9 basic human goals
good lives model works on strengthening:
life
knowledge
excellence in work and play
excellence in agency
inner peace
relatedness
spirituality
happiness
creativity
what is the key argument for the good lives model
human behaviour is directed toward goal of achieving fundamental needs or ‘primary human goods’
GLM believes difficulties in achieving primary goods in socially appropriate ways will:
possibly lead to antisocial or offending behaviour
what is the goal of GLM treatment
to recognise individual agency and build capacity/opportunity to meet primary goods in socially appropriate ways
what does GLM require
requires a strong ‘therapeutic alliance’ non-confrontational, motivational and collaborative approach
weaknesses for good live model
the concept of desistance is not well defined
the desistance approach focuses on developmental process rather than intervention effectiveness/outcome
lack of evidence
diversity in the view of the good life
what do FP focus on with sex offenders
risk factors mainly
what do sex offender programs address
denial, minimisations and cognitive distortions
empathy for victims
social skills
substance abuse
deviant sexual interests
relapse prevention
reintegration into the community
what do experimental FP research for sex offenders
future risk of sex offenders
treatment needs
treatment evaluation
what do clinical FP do with sex offenders
carry out treatment inside correctional facilities, in the community and in mental health facilities
what do experimental FP research in homicide treatment
types of homicide
future risk
treatment needs
what do clinical FP do in homicide treatment
carry out treatment (for some) inside correctional facilities, in the community and in mental health facilities
treatment for violence commonly addresses:
anger and emotion management
self-regulation/control
problem solving
interpersonal skills
social attitudes
