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MED2005 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Q1: What are the two main phases of the menstrual cycle, and what marks their transition?

A

A:

Follicular phase (Days 1-14)
Luteal phase (Days 14-28)
Transition: Ovulation occurs around Day 14, marked by a surge in LH (luteinizing hormone).

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2
Q

Q2: What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

A

A: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth of granulosa and thecal cells in the ovarian follicles, leading to oestrogen production.

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3
Q

Q3: What triggers ovulation?

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A: A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), typically on Day 14, triggers the release of the secondary oocyte from the mature Graafian follicle.

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4
Q

Q4: How does oestrogen affect the uterus during the menstrual cycle?

A

A: Oestrogen thickens the uterine lining (endometrium), preparing it for implantation of a fertilized egg.

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5
Q

Q5: What is the role of progesterone in the luteal phase?

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A: Progesterone maintains the thickened uterine lining, further preparing it for possible implantation.

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6
Q

Q6: What are the two main regions of the ovaries, and what do they contain?

A

A:

Cortex: Contains ovarian follicles, connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells.
Medulla: Contains loose connective tissue (CT), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

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7
Q

Q7: What is the function of the germinal epithelium and tunica albuginea?

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A:

Germinal epithelium: A layer of simple cuboidal cells covering the ovary.
Tunica albuginea: Dense irregular connective tissue beneath the germinal epithelium, providing structural support to the ovary.

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8
Q

Q8: At what stage are oocytes arrested at birth, and when do they resume development?

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A: Oocytes are arrested at meiotic division I (prophase) at birth and resume development during puberty, with one oocyte maturing and being released each month.

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9
Q

Q9: What is the zona pellucida, and what is its function?

A

A: The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte that plays a crucial role in sperm binding and fertilization.

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10
Q

Q11: What are the stages of follicle development in the ovary?

A

A:

Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary (antral) follicle
Mature Graafian follicle

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11
Q

Q12: What changes occur as a primordial follicle develops into a primary follicle?

A

A:

The oocyte enlarges to 50-80 µm.
Follicular cells become cuboidal, forming granulosa cells.
theca layers form
The oocyte begins secreting the zona pellucida.

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12
Q

Q13: What key structures are present in a secondary follicle?

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A:

Theca externa and theca interna layers
Cumulus oophorus (cluster of cells around the oocyte)
Corona radiata
Formation of antrum (fluid-filled cavity)
Follicle size: 10 mm; oocyte size: 125 µm

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13
Q

Q14: What happens in the mature Graafian follicle?

A

A:

The follicle becomes ≥10 mm in diameter, creating a bulge on the ovarian surface.
Thecal layers become more prominent and secrete androgens, which are converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells.
A surge in LH triggers resumption of oocyte meiosis and ovulation.

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14
Q

Q15: What are the key events during ovulation?

A

A:

The secondary oocyte is released from the Graafian follicle.
The oocyte continues meiosis but is arrested at metaphase II.
The tunica externa contracts, and prostaglandins reduce blood flow, causing the ovarian surface to rupture.
The oocyte, corona radiata, and cumulus oophorus are expelled into the fallopian tube.

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15
Q

Q16: What role do prostaglandins play in ovulation?

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A: Prostaglandins cause the smooth muscle in the tunica externa to contract, reducing blood flow to the ovarian surface and leading to rupture during ovulation.

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16
Q

Q17: How does LH affect the oocyte just before ovulation?

A

A: LH surge triggers the resumption of the first meiotic division in the oocyte, allowing it to progress to metaphase II before ovulation.

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17
Q

Q18: What hormonal changes mark the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

A: After ovulation, progesterone levels rise significantly to maintain the uterine lining, while LH and FSH levels drop.

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18
Q

Q1: What is the histological structure of the corpus luteum?

A

A: The corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation. It consists of:

Lutein cells (derived from granulosa and thecal cells) that fill the follicle cavity.
Blood capillaries that invade the luteinized cells during angiogenesis.

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19
Q

Q2: What are granulosa lutein cells and their histological features?
A

A

:

Granulosa lutein cells are large, pale-staining cells.
They have abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria, indicating steroid hormone production.
Their main function is to secrete progesterone and convert androgens to oestrogen.

20
Q

Q3: What are theca lutein cells, and how do they appear histologically?

A

A:

Theca lutein cells are smaller and darker-staining compared to granulosa lutein cells.
Located at the periphery of the corpus luteum, these cells also have abundant SER and mitochondria, indicating their role in secreting androgens and progesterone.

21
Q

Q4: How does the corpus luteum change histologically if fertilization occurs?

A

A: If fertilization occurs, the vascular network within the corpus luteum becomes more prominent, and the lutein cells remain active for several weeks, continuing to produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

22
Q

Q5: What is the corpus albicans, and how does it appear histologically?

A

A:

The corpus albicans is the scar tissue left after the degeneration of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur.
Histologically, it consists of dense, irregular connective tissue and appears as a white, hyalinized structure within the ovary.
Fibroblasts invade and replace the luteal cells with collagen fibers over time, giving the corpus albicans its scar-like appearance.

23
Q

Q6: How does the corpus albicans form, and what is its histological progression?

A

A:

The corpus albicans forms as the corpus luteum regresses, and hormone production ceases.
Over a period of months, the lutein cells degenerate, leaving behind a dense accumulation of collagen and fibroblasts.

24
Q

Q7: What is the histological structure of the zona pellucida, and how does it function in fertilization?

A

A:

The zona pellucida is a thick, acellular, glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte.
It stains pink under H&E due to its glycoprotein content.
During fertilization, it plays a key role in sperm binding and blocking polyspermy by undergoing changes to prevent multiple sperm from entering.

25
Q

Q8: What histological changes occur in the oocyte during fertilization?

A

A:

The oocyte plasma membrane undergoes depolarization (fast block to polyspermy).
Release of cortical granules from the oocyte causes the zona pellucida to harden, creating a permanent block to additional sperm entry (slow block).

26
Q

Q9: What is the histological structure of the corona radiata?

A

A:

The corona radiata consists of a layer of granulosa cells that surround the zona pellucida and oocyte.
These cells remain attached to the oocyte after ovulation and provide support and nutrients to the oocyte during fertilization.

27
Q

Q10: What is the histological structure of the mammary gland in its inactive state?

A

A:

The inactive mammary gland contains mostly dense irregular connective tissue (CT) and adipocytes.
The lobules are small, with few secretory alveoli.
Lactiferous ducts are present, but the secretory portion (alveoli) remains underdeveloped and inactive.

28
Q

Q11: What changes occur in the active mammary gland histologically?

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A:

In the active (lactating) mammary gland, the alveoli (lined by cuboidal epithelial cells) become enlarged and numerous.
Myoepithelial cells are located around the alveoli and ducts to help with milk ejection.
Lactiferous ducts increase in size to transport milk to the nipple.

29
Q

Q12: What is the histology of the alveoli in the active mammary gland?

A

A:

Alveoli are lined with cuboidal secretory epithelial cells, which produce milk.
Surrounding the alveoli are myoepithelial cells, which contract in response to oxytocin, helping with milk ejection.

30
Q

Q13: histology of the role of connective tissue in mammary glands?

A

A:

The mammary gland is divided into lobes by dense irregular connective tissue septa.
Each lobe is further divided into lobules by loose connective tissue, supporting the secretory and ductal structures.

31
Q

Q14: What is the lactiferous duct, and what is its histological structure?

A

A:

The lactiferous duct is lined by stratified squamous epithelium near the nipple and simple cuboidal epithelium deeper in the gland.
It is surrounded by myoepithelial cells, which assist in the transport of milk toward the nipple.

32
Q

Q15: What histological processes occur in the corpus luteum after ovulation?

A

A:

Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) is a key histological feature.
Capillaries infiltrate the lutein cells, providing nutrients and oxygen needed for hormone synthesis.
Connective tissue invades the cavity left by the ruptured follicle.

33
Q

Q16: How can you histologically differentiate between granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells?

A

A:

Granulosa lutein cells are large, pale-staining, with abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
Theca lutein cells are smaller, darker-staining, and located near the periphery of the corpus luteum. They also contain abundant SER, necessary for androgen production.

34
Q

Q14: What are the histological changes in the uterus during the proliferative phase?

A

A:

During the proliferative phase, the endometrium thickens due to the effects of oestrogen.
The uterine glands are long, straight, and lined with simple columnar epithelium.
basal cells migrate and prolferate (regenerate cell wall)
stroma cells proliferate
spiral arteries lengthen

35
Q

Q15: What histological features define the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

A:

The endometrial glands become activated and produce glycogen-rich secretions under the influence of progesterone = saw toothed

Spiral arteries lengthen and coil

36
Q

Q1: What are the histological components of the nipple?

A

A:

Skin: Stratified squamous epithelium, continuous with surrounding skin.
Sebaceous glands: Associated with hair follicles, producing sebum.
Lactiferous ducts: Lined with cuboidal or columnar epithelium, transition into stratified squamous epithelium near the opening.
Dense irregular connective tissue (CT): Provides structural support.
Nerve endings: Dense innervation for sensory perception.

37
Q

Q3: What are the three main layers of the uterus?

A

A:

Endometrium: Simple columnar epithelium with glands and blood vessels.
Myometrium: Smooth muscle layers for contraction during labor.
Perimetrium: Outer connective tissue layer, continuous with the peritoneum.

38
Q

Q4: What are the two zones of the endometrium, and what are their functions?

A

A:

Stratum functionale: Thick layer that proliferates and sloughs off during menstruation.
Stratum basale: Thin basal layer that regenerates the endometrium after menses.

39
Q

Q7: Describe the histological appearance of the endometrium during menstruation.

A

A:

Tissue necrosis occurs due to ischemia of spiral arteries.
Blood vessels rupture, and the endometrium is shed.
Glands collapse, and epithelial cells are lost with the menstrual flow.

40
Q

Q8: What is the histological structure of the myometrium?

A

A:

Composed of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arranged in three layers: longitudinal, circular, and oblique.
Contains arcuate arteries that supply blood to the endometrium.
During pregnancy: SMCs undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

41
Q

Q9: What is the function of the perimetrium?

A

A:

The perimetrium is the outermost layer, composed of simple squamous mesothelium and elastic connective tissue (CT).
It is continuous with the peritoneum, providing protection and support to the uterus

42
Q

Q10: What are the main histological layers of the fallopian tube?

A

A:

Serosa: Outer layer with mesothelium and thin connective tissue.
Muscularis: Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle.
Mucosa: Longitudinal folds with ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelium.

43
Q

Q11: What is the function of ciliated and peg cells in the fallopian tube?

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A:

Ciliated cells: Sweep the oocyte toward the uterus.
Peg cells: Secrete nutrients to support the oocyte and sperm.

44
Q

Q12: What are the histological layers of the vaginal wall?

A

A:

Mucosa: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with lamina propria (loose CT) and immune cells.
Muscularis: Fibromuscular layer with inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle.
Adventitia: Dense irregular CT with elastic fibers, outer loose CT with blood vessels and nerves.

45
Q

Q13: What is the role of rugae in the vaginal mucosa?

A

A:

Rugae are transverse folds in the mucosa that allow the vagina to expand during intercourse and childbirth.

46
Q

Q14: What are the histological differences between the ectocervix and endocervix?

A

A:

Ectocervix: Lined by stratified squamous epithelium for protection.
Endocervix: Lined by simple columnar epithelium, which secretes mucus.

47
Q

Q15: What is the function of cervical glands, and how do their secretions change during the menstrual cycle?

A

A:

Cervical glands secrete mucus, which varies in consistency.
During ovulation: Mucus is thinner, allowing sperm penetration.
After ovulation: Mucus becomes thicker, acting as a barrier to sperm.

MED2005 (12 decks)

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