Upper Limb Flashcards
Axillary nerve
Shoulder region
Innervates the deltoid muscle and skin through the quadrangular space
Clavicle (Shoulder)
Name: Clavicle
Classification: Long bone
Shape: S-shaped
General Features:
Medial (sternal) end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.
Lateral (acromial) end articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
Shaft has a double curve; the medial two-thirds are convex anteriorly, and the lateral third is concave anteriorly.
Muscles: pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi
Joints Formed: Shoulder
Scapula (Shoulder)
Name: Scapula
Classification: Flat bone
Shape: Triangular
Features include the spine, acromion, coracoid process, and the glenoid cavity.
The scapula acts as a stable platform for arm movements.
Particular Features:
Articular Surfaces: Glenoid cavity joins with the head of the humerus
Attachments:
Muscles: trapezius, serratus anterior,
Joints Formed: scapula joint
Humerus (Arm)
Name: Humerus
Classification: Long bone
Shape: Cylindrical
General Features:
Proximal end includes the head, greater and lesser tubercles, and the anatomical neck.
The shaft features the deltoid tuberosity and radial groove.
The distal end features the capitulum, trochlea, and medial and lateral epicondyles.
Muscles: biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis,
Joints Formed: elbow joint
Radius (Lateral Forearm)
Name: Radius
Classification: Long bone
Shape: Cylindrical, slightly curved.
General Features:
Proximal end includes the head and radial tuberosity.
The shaft is curved and features an interosseous border.
The distal end includes the styloid process and ulnar notch.
Muscles: supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
Joints Formed: radio-ulna joint, wrist joint
ulna (medial Forearm)
Name: Ulna
Classification: Long bone
Shape: Triangular in cross-section, tapering distally.
Muscles: supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
Joints Formed: radio-ulna joint, wrist joint
Scapula joint
Location: Scapular region, part of the pectoral girdle.
Histological Classification: N/A (as it’s not a joint, but acts like one).
Mechanical Classification: Not a joint but functions similar to a joint.
Movement: Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Upward Rotation, Downward Rotation.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Trapezius, Serratus Anterior.
Shoulder joint
Location: Shoulder joint, connecting the arm to the trunk.
Histological Classification: Synovial joint.
Mechanical Classification: Ball and Socket.
Movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial Rotation, Lateral Rotation.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Deltoid.
elbow joint
Location: Between the humerus, radius, and ulna.
Histological Classification: Synovial joint.
Mechanical Classification: Hinge.
Movement: Flexion, Extension.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Biceps Brachii, Triceps.
radio-ulna joint
Location: Between the radius and ulna in the forearm.
Histological Classification: Synovial joint.
Mechanical Classification: Pivot.
Movement: Pronation, Supination.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Pronator Teres, Supinator.
wrist joint
Location: Between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones.
Histological Classification: Synovial joint.
Mechanical Classification: Ellipsoid.
Movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS).
carpo metacarpoal joint (thumb)
Location: Between the first metacarpal and the trapezium.
Histological Classification: Synovial joint.
Mechanical Classification: Saddle.
Movement: Flexion, Abduction, Opposition, Extension, Adduction.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Thenar muscles (Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Opponens Pollicis).
metacarpol-phalangeal joint (2-5 fingers)
Location: Between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges of fingers 2-5.
Histological Classification: Synovial joint.
Mechanical Classification: Condyloid.
Movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS), Interossei muscles.
interphalangeal joint
Location: Between the phalanges of the fingers.
Histological Classification: Synovial joint.
Mechanical Classification: Hinge.
Movement: Flexion, Extension.
Muscle Group Producing the Movement: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS), Interossei muscles.
Trapezius muscle
Name: Trapezius
Size: Large
Shape: Trapezoid
Location: Shoulder and upper back
Classification: Extrinsic shoulder muscle
Joint/Bone/Structure Acted Upon: Scapula
Key Action: Elevation of the scapula
Other Actions: Retraction, rotation, and stabilization of the scapula
