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Microbiology > Week 10- infection basics > Flashcards

Week 10- infection basics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Koch’s postulates

A
  1. The microorganism must be found in every organism with the disease
  2. The pathogen can be isolated from the infected organizm and grown in a pure culture
  3. The cultured organism should cause the disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the new host and must be identical to the microorganism grown in culture
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2
Q

What is the only one of Koch’s postulates that was not disproven

A

The pathogen must be isolated from the host and must be identical to the microorganism grown in culture

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3
Q

What idea around one specific microbe is important for Kuch

A

One specific microbe causes one specific case of an illness (i.e. usually strep pnumonia can cause pnumonia)

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4
Q

Resident vs transient microorganisms

A

Resident- live in or on us consistantly
Transient- live on us temporarily

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5
Q

What are opportunisitic pathogens

A

Cause diseases when the host allows them to do so (i.e. when immune system is weak)

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6
Q

What are primary pathogens

A

Something like the flu- can infect healthy hosts and cause infections

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7
Q

What are communicable vs noncommunicable diseases

A

Communicable- spread from one person to another by direct contact (i.e. herpes)
Noncommunicable- can not be spread from one person to another (i.e. teatnus)

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8
Q

Local vs systemic infections

A

Local- found in one area, often near site of entry
Systemic- Affects entire body

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9
Q

What is an example of a virus that goes from being Local to being Systemic

A

Varicella zoster infects through lungs and then becomes systemic chickenpox

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10
Q

What are the stages of pathogenesis in the body

A
  1. Transmission/Entry
  2. Adhesion
  3. Invasion
  4. Infection
  5. Evasion of host immune system
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11
Q

Active vs passive carrier

A

Active: Carry disease, can transmit to someone else
Passive: Has disease in body fluid or on skin, is asymptomatic, but is not “infected”

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12
Q

Are passive carriers symptomatic or asymptomatic

A

asymptomatic

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13
Q

What are sterile sites on the body

A

Brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessils, ovaries, liver, fat, blood vessils

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14
Q

What are steril fluids in the body

A

CSF, fluid in eye, blood, fluid in heart cavity

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15
Q

What is an infectious disease

A

a disease caused by a pathogen (can be communicable or noncommunicable)

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16
Q

What is a zoonotic infection

A

an infectious diasese that can be spread from animal to humans

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17
Q

What are the 3 main types of infectious disease transmission

A

Contact, vehicle, or vector

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18
Q

What are types of Contact transmission

A

Direct, indirect, droplet (larger droplets), congenital

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19
Q

What are vehicle transmission types

A

Airborne, waterborn, foodborne

20
Q

What are vector transmission types

A

Mechanical (body or feet of arthropod (insect) to person), biological ( bite, vomit, or poop of insect

21
Q

Virulance is classified by what

A

the ability of a microorganism to cause an infection and damage to its host
A mild cold vs extreme infection (Virulance has degrees- very dangerous vs not)

22
Q

Where does mucosa line our body

A

Mouth, respiratory, GI, urinary tract

23
Q

Was COVID or H1N1 more virulant

A

H1N1, which was killing younger people earlier.

24
Q

What are the 5 portals of entry into the body by a pathogen

A
  • skin
    -nose
    -mouth
    -colon
    -vagina
25
Q

What are the approxamate number of pathogens that cause disease?

A

Viruses and prions: 14-15%
Bacteria: 38-41%
Fungi: 22-23%
Protozoa: 4-5%
Helminths: 20%

26
Q

What is adhesion

A

A protein or glycoprotein on the surface of a pathogen that helps it adhere to receptors on the host cell.

27
Q

What is pathogenicity

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause an infectious disease
Ability is either present or not present

28
Q

What is one example of a host defense and how pathogens overcome this defense

A

Host defense: microbe ingested and killed by phagocytes > Outer wall or capsule will impede phagocytosis.

Host defense: The host produces an antibody > destroys the antibody by having the bacterium produce IgA protease

29
Q

What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A
  1. They multiply more quickly than humans, 2. they can perform horizontal gene transfer to mutate genes for antibiotic resistance
30
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer

A

Plasmid exchange, and plasmids often carry genes for antibiotic resistance

31
Q

Where do you find c difficile

A

soil and gut of humans and animals

32
Q

What are the common diseases that c diff are associated with

A

Gangrene
Tetanus
Botulism
Food poisoning
Pseudomembranous colitis

33
Q

What is an important cause of pathology in most c diff diseases

A

Potent protein exotoxins

34
Q

Diseases caused by Clostridium tetani

A

Teatnus toxin- block release of glycine and GABA, cause paralysis and lockjaw
In soil in spores, when break skin they germinate.
Cannot be spread from person to person

35
Q

What is the pathology of Clostridium Botulinum

A

Acts on neurons to stimulate contractions, blocks release of AcH

36
Q

Clostridium difficile pathology and diseases

A

Severe abdominal pain, dharrhea, fever, can cause septic shock and death. Can get it from touching contaminated surfaces, breathing air, or taking antibiotics

37
Q

Clostridium Perfringens pathology

A

Gas gangrene
found in soil and feces, can enter through a wound
cause necrosis, produces alpha toxin which leads to cell lysis and death

38
Q

Mycobacterium genus characteristics

A

Tuberculosis, leprocy.

39
Q

How to prevent Mycobacterium genus

A

Vaccination in endemic areas, pasteurization of milk

40
Q

How is teberculosis initiated

A

mycobacterium tb can survive in macrophages, and tb is thought to be initatated that way

41
Q

What is a fomate

A

an contaminated object (indirect contact)

42
Q

What does H pylori use in invasion

A

Exoenzyme- urease- to turn urea into ammonia to cause ulcers. At High pH, mucin liquefies, and can invade gastric tract.

43
Q

How do pathogens adhere

A

fimbriae, pili, spike proteins( viruses) , etc Hooks (protozoa)

44
Q

What does staph aureus produce

A

TSST

45
Q

What is most common cause of death due to infection worldwide

A

TB

46
Q

How many bacterial cells cause TB

A

10

Microbiology (9 decks)

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