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Microbiology > Quiz 2 study guide flashcards > Flashcards

Quiz 2 study guide flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the main structural component of bacterial cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

What is peptidoglycan synthesis disrupted by

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomyocin

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of gram-positive bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan has a thick layer, purple color

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3
Q

What are the charachteristics of gram-negative bacteria

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer, surrounded by outer membrane anchored to peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Which bacteria (gram negative or positive) has Lipid A

A

Gram-negative, can cause sepsis when treating gram-negative bacteria

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5
Q

What are bacterial capsules

A

-external to the cell wall, polysacchardies that have a silmey surface
- Protects the bacteria from phagocytosis by host immune cells

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6
Q

What are capsules made of

A

EPS (extracellular polymeric substance)
- Biofilm (slimey layer)
- Absorbs lots of water to resist desiccation

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7
Q

What is a common type of capsule/bacteria with a capsule?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia capsule

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8
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria

A

bacillis, cocci, spirochetes

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9
Q

What shape do cocci reproducing in one plane produce

A

diplococci or streptococi

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10
Q

What shape do cocci reproducing in more than one plane produce

A

Staphylococci

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11
Q

What are the nutritional requirements for growth of bacteria

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phospherous, sulfer, potassium

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12
Q

What are the two types of bacterial metabolism

A

aerobic- final electron acceptor is O2 (38 ATP)
anaerobic- final electron acceptor is organic (2 ATP) or inorganic molecule (34 ATP)

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13
Q

What is the difference between an obligate and facultative anaerobe

A

Facultative organisms can swap between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, obligate anaerobes absolutely need NO oxygen to metabolize

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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of bacterial growth

A
  1. lag phase- no cell division
  2. logarithmic phase- rapid cell division
  3. stationary phase- depleted nutrients, slow to no cell division
  4. death phase- toxic waste accumulates, death rate >division rate.
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15
Q

What is rate of bacterial growth dependent on

A
  1. the species and
  2. the levels of nutrients available in the environment
16
Q

What is the MOI for ciprofloxacin

A

inhibit DNA replication

17
Q

What is the MOI for penacillins, vancomyocin, and cephalosporins

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis

18
Q

What is the process of binary fission

A
  1. DNA chromosome replicates
  2. Replicated chromosomes seperate
  3. Cell wall forms in the middle of the cell
  4. Cell seperates and forms 2 identical cells
19
Q

What is the error rate in bacterial DNA polymerase

A

Very accurate- Only 1 mistake in every 10^10 base pairs

20
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase 3 in replication

A

proofreads the replication as it goes

21
Q

What are operons and their significance

A

Operons are clusters of genes that are transcribed together and translated into more than one protein

22
Q

What is unique about bacterial transcription

A

bacteria can change the rate of the transcription of genes to fill different needs (can pick the protein they need, i.e. pilli or toxin)

23
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes

A
  • Transcription and translation occur at the same time in the cytoplasm (in 70s ribosomes, good target for antibiotics)
24
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes

A

Transcription: nucleus. Translation: cytoplasm/ Rough ER.
Use 80(s?) ribosomes

25
Q

What is quorum sensing

A

specific gene transcription is activated in response to concentration of bacteria
- pathogenic activity of bacteria begins when cell numbers reach a certain threshold

26
Q

Which bacteria typically form endospores

A

clostridium and bacillus grow endospores when they can’t grow in an environment

27
Q

What is an endospore

A

A complex, multilayered coat sourrounding bacterial cell
- Can remain in dormant state for years and then revert to normal bacteria under good conditions

28
Q

Where are endospores commonly found

A

in soils

29
Q

What are the 3 types of gene transfer

A
  • Conjugation: transfer of DNA from one to another through sex pillus
  • Transformation: uptake of DNA in the environment
  • Transduction: Transfer of genetic information by infection iwth bacteriophage and mispacking of host DNA into virons
30
Q

What is the difference between generalized and specialized transduction

A

Generalized: bacteriophages pick up a portion of host’s genome
Specialized: bacteriophages pick up specific, adjacent portions of host’s DNA (not plasmid)

31
Q

Group A streptococci disesases and transmission

A
  • Produce exotoxin, has capsule
    -cause skin infection, necrotizing fascitis, TSS, post surgery complication
    -Transmission: airborne, direct contact
32
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae diseases and transmission

A

encapsulated, cause pnumonia, meningitis, ear infection, bacterimia, sinusitis
Transmission: Resperatory droplets

33
Q

Enterococcus transmission and diseases

A

Normal flora in GI tract.
Cause UTI’s, bacteremia, endocarditis, wound infections.
Transmission: Endogeneous infections

34
Q

Staphylococcus aureus charachteristics/ disease/ treatment

A
  • aerobic and anaerobic resp.
  • Boils, skin sepsis, post op wound infection, food poisioning, TSS
  • Transmission: Natural habitat, nose.
    -Treat with penicillins, muprocin, methicillin/vancomyocin

Microbiology (9 decks)

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