Week 10 Flashcards
What are the two types of processes that make up perception
Bottom up processing: process which is based on incoming stilumali from the environment. Aka. Data based
Top down processing: based on previous experience aka. Knoweledge based
What are the three approaches to perception
Psychophysical: situlus-perception relationship.
Physiological 1: the stimulus-physiology relationship.
Physiological 2: the physiological and perception relationship
What is the absolute threshold in relation to perception
Smallest amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus.
What is the difference threshold in terms of perception
The smallest difference that a person can detect between two stimulai. Aka. Triangle L
As magnitude of stimulus changes so does L
What is the selective theory of attention?
Broadbent (1957) proposed the filter theory where he described attention as a bottleneck that allows use to pay attention to what we deem important whilst filter out others.
What is binding?
The process by which different features are combined together in order to understand and perceive objects.
How does binding work
The feature integration theory was proposed by Treisman and Gelade who suggested it happens in two stages.
The first stage is the pre-attentive stage where features of objects are seperated in order to be processed by different parts of the brain.
Secondly comes the focused attention stage where features are bonded into one coherent perception. Here attention itself acts as the glue to piece it all together.
What are rods
Where are they located on the eye
How are they involved in processing and perception
In order to process visual information large and cylindrical things called rods which are housed in the peripheral retina are sensitive to light meaning they are hyper sensitive to stimulai which then converge these multiple inputs into ganglion cells. This produces a high likelihood of response.
What are cones
Where are they located
Cones are small and tapered things that are located on the fovea and less commonly on the periphery of the retina. They aid in distinginusihing between objects and discriminating fine detail. However in order to do so they need more light than rods which are hyper sensitive
What is conervange in the retina and what does it involve
Convergence is the connection between the receptive field on the ganglion cells and the rods and cones on the retina. They connect in order to pass on information. In total there are approx. 1 million ganglion cells and 126 million rods and cones with the majority being rods.
What is the challenge of object perception
The issues with object perception is that the stimulai on receptors is ambiguous which creates the inverse projection problem which states that an image on the retina may be cause by an infinite number of objects.
What is the structuralist approach to perception
What are the faults of this theory
This was etasblised by Wundt in the late 1800s who theorised that perception is created by the combination of sensations.
However this fails to explain movements or illusory contours.
What is the gestalt approach to perception.
This theory states that the whole is not just built up from senstions but is the result of perceptual organisation.
What are the principals fo perceptual organisation
- pragnanz: every stimulus is seen as simply as possibly
- similarity: similar things are grouped together
- good continuation: connected points result in straight or smooth curves belonging together
- proximity: things near each other are grouped together
- common region: elements in the same region are grouped together
- uniform connectedness: a connected region of visual properties are perceived as a single unit
- synchrony: elements occurring at the same time are seen as belonging together
- common fate: things moving in the same direction are grouped together
what is perceptual segregation
Figure group segregation is the act of determining what is the background vs. what is in the foreground.
- the figure is more memorable
- the figure is seen infront of the ground.
- the ground is more uniform and extends behind figure
