Week 1 formative Flashcards
what is osteoporosis?
quantitative defect of bone characterised by reduced bone mineral density and increased porosity
<2.5 standard deviations below mean peak value of young adults of same race and gender
what is the most abundant component of cartilage ECM?
water
what is a ganglion cyst?
cystic swelling which occurs around a synovial joint or tendon sheath as a result of herniation or out-pouching of a weak portion of joint capsule/tendon sheath
what is bursitis?
inflammation of a bursur
commonly occurs after repeated pressure or trauma and therefore may present as a soft tissue swelling
what is a bursur?
small fluid filled sac lined by synovium around joints which prevents friction between tendons, bones, muscles and skin
lucent lesion in middle of the clavicle with smooth edge where it meets the normal looking bone
incidental finding on X ray for a clavicle fracture
simple cyst
firm bony lump on lateral aspect of distal femoral metaphysis
overlying skin and soft tissue is normal
x ray shows bony spur originating from distal femoral metaphysis
normal cortex
what is the diagnosis?
osteochondroma
benign bony outgrowth on external surface with cartilaginous cap
what cancers commonly metastasise to bone?
breast prostate lung renal thyroid
what is a malignant tumour of endothelial cells in the marrow?
ewings sarcoma
usually occurs in 10-20 year olds
what is the most common primary bone tumour and produces abnormal bone?
osteosarcoma
what malignant bone tumour tends to occur in abnormal bone like bone infarct, pagets disease etc?
fibrosarcoma
what is the boundary around an osteon called?
cement line
features of a benign soft tissue neoplasm?
small fluctuation in size cystic lesions well defined fluid filled lesions soft/fatty lesions
features of a malignant soft tissue neoplasm?
larger (>5cm) rapid growth solid lesion ill defined irregular surface associated lymphadenopathy and systemic upset
what are the cells found in cartilage and what do they look like?
chondrocytes
have a pigmented (redish) part at the periphery
where do chondrocytes reside?
a space in the ECM called the lacuna
are osteochondromas always benign?
no
1% become malignant
what are the 3 types of connective tissue that surround muscles?
epimysium = surrounds whole muscle body perimysium = surrounds fascicle endomysium = surrounds single muscle fibre
what is the central canal in the middle of an osteon?
Haversian canal
formed by drilling into bone by osteoclasts
bone enlargement
thickened cortices
thickened trabeculae with mixed areas of lysis and sclerosis
what is the diagnosis?
pagets disease
what can pagets disease cause?
can be asymptomatic and be seen on incidental imaging can cause arthritis pathological fractures deformity pain high output cardiac failure
how is pagets disease diagnosed via biochemistry?
serum alkaline phosphatase is raised whilst calcium and phosphorus are normal
how is pagets disease treated?
bisphosphates (inhibit osteoclasts)
calcitonin if extensive lytic disease
joint replacement
