Anatomy of Upper LImb Flashcards
describe the finger joints
hinge like
describe MCP joints
condyloid like - can go round in a circle
what is the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
saddle joint
base of thumb
gives 90 degree rotation
what is the plane for flexion and extension of thumb?
flexion = moving it tight towards the fingers extension = thumbs up abduction = thumbs pointing upwards when palms flat
what are the 3 axio-appendicular muscles which attach the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
trapezius
serratus anterior
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
what is the function of the trapezius?
tilts and turns the head and neck
shrugs and steadies the shoulders
twists the arms
what is the function of the serratus anterior and what can it cause if defective?
protracts the scapula
pulls the medial border of the scapula forwards
can cause winged scapula if defective
what is the function of rhomboid muscles?
retract the scapula
elevate medial border of scapula
what innervates each axio-appendicular muscle?
trapezius = CN XI
serratus anterior = long thoracic nerve
Rhomboid major and minor = dorsal scapula nerve
what is the levator scapulae? where is it and what innervates it?
type of axio-appendicular muscle
attaches from upper medial scapula to upper cervical vertebrae
innervated by dorsal scapula nerve
what does the rotator cuff do?
stabilises the humoral head
what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
SITS Supraspinatous Infraspinatous Teres minor Subscapularis
where do the rotator cuff muscels attach?
supraspinatous, infraspinatous and teres minor attach to greater suberosity
S attaches to lesser tuberosity
what is responsible for the first 15 degree of abduction?
supraspinatous
then deltoid
what is responsible for the first 15 degree of abduction?
supraspinatous
then deltoid
which muscle is usually affected in rotator cuff tear?
supraspinatous
lateral rotators?
infraspinatous and teres minor
medial rotator?
subscapularis
describe glenoid fossa
only holds 1/3 of humeral head
gives more mobility and less stability
what are the 3 muscles of the anterior arm?
biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
BBC
what innervates the muscles of the anterior arm?
musculocutaneous nerve
what are the functions of biceps brachii?
flexes arm and forearm and supinates
what is the function of the brachialis?
flexes the forearm
what is the function of the coracobrachialis?
flexion and adduction of the arm
what is the muscle of the posterior arm?
triceps brachii
what is the function of the triceps brachii?
extension of the arm and the forearm
what nerve innervates the triceps brachii?
radial nerve
what are the 4 superficial muscles of the anterior forearm from lateral to medial?
pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris
intermediate muscle of anterior forearm?
flexor digitorum superficialis
where does digitorum superficialis attach?
attaches to proximal phalanges
what are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?
flexor pollicus longus
flexor digitorum profundus
pronator quadratus
what are the actions of the anterior forearm muscles?
flex the wrist and digits
pronation, abduction and adduction of the wrist
what nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior forearm?
all the median nerve except the flexor carpi radialis and the medial half of the flexor digitorum superficialis
what 2 nerves are supplied by the spinal accessory nerve?
trapezius
sternocleidomastoid
which bone moves in pronation/supination?
radius moves over ulnar
what are the superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?
- brachioradialis
- aconeus
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor digotorum
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- extensor digiti minimi
what are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?
- supinator
- abductor pollicus longus
- extenson pollicus longus
- extensor pollicus brevis
- extensor indicis
what are the regions of the hand?
thenar (thumb base)
hypothenar (pinky finger base)
middle bit of palm
what are the 3 muscles in the thenar region of the hand?
abductor pollicus brevis
flexor pollicus brevis
opponens pollicis
what nerve innervates the muscles of the thenar region of the hand?
recurrent branch of the median nerve
which region of the hand is affected by carpal tunnel syndrome?
thenar
what are the 3 muscles of the hypothenar region of the hand?
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
opponens digiti minimi
what nerve innervates the muscles of the hypothenar region of the hand?
deep branch of the ulnar nerve
where do the lumbrical muscles attach?
tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
how are the lumbricals innervated?
lateral 2 = median nerve
medial 2 = ulnar nerve
what are the 2 groups of interossei muscles in the hand and what do they do?
dorsal interossei - abduction of the digits (DAB)
palmar interossei - adduction of the digits (PAD)
what nerve innervates the interossei muscles?
ulnar
from what nerves does the brachial plexus originate?
C5-T1
what is the overall path of the brachial plexus?
passes through the axilla to the medial arm
cords travel around the brachial artery
name the 5 regions of the brachial plexus from proximal to distal (Really Tired Drink Coffee Now)
roots trunk divisions cords nerves
what are the 5 nerves which emerge from the brachial plexus?
musculo-cutaneous axillary radial median ulnar
what are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?
lateral
posterior
medial
what forms the carpal tunnel?
flexor retinaculum
carpals
what are the contents of the carpal tunnel (10)?
flexor digitorum superficialis X4
flexor digitorum profundus X4
Flexor pollicus longus X1
median nerve
what is carpal tunnel syndrome and what does it cause?
compression of the median nerve
causes weakness in thenar muscles and numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral half of 4th digit
