Week 1: Cell Injury Flashcards
the steady state of a cell
homeostasis
excess stress can force cells to develop a new steady state called ______
adaptation
state of the cell that occurs when there is so much stress the cell cannot adapt
injured
mild cell injury is ______; severe cell injury is irreversible and leads to ___ ____
reversible, cell death
the mechanism that takes a cell from normal cell to cell injury (bypassing adaptation)
injurious stimulus
two types of cell death
necrosis, apoptosis
four types of adaptation
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia
hypertrophy is an ____ in cell __
increase, size
hyperplasia is an ____ in cell ____
increase, number
atrophy is a ____ in cell ___
decrease, size
metaplasia is a change from…
one cell type to another
respiratory epithelium changing in response to stress to form squamous cells is an example of…
metaplasia
what causes cell injury?
ischemia, things from free radicals
lack of blood flow is termed…
ischemia
in ischemic cell injury…
not enough _____
mitochondria cannot make ___
oxygen, ATP
things that form free radicals
inflammation, chemicals, radiation, toxins
free radicals have an extra ____ electron
unpaired
cell injury often starts with __ ______
ATP depletion
without enough ATP, cell membrane pumps fail, and ____ accumulates in the cell
calcium
Too much cytoplasmic calcium causes…(3 things)
- poisons mitochondria
- damages proteins/DNA
- activates bad enzymes which damage cell membranes
type of cell death in which cell bursts open, releasing its contents and attracting inflammatory cells
necrosis
type of cell death in which the cell quietly dies (which is programmed into cell DNA)
apoptosis
five types of necrosis
- coagulative
- liquefactive
- caseous
- fat
- gangrenous
an area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood flow
infarct
necrosis seen in infarcts (except brain), caused by lack of blood supply
coagulative necrosis
coagulative necrosis appearance
gross: ___ tissue often in ____ shape
micro: ___ ___ cells, shrunken
firm, triangle; ghostly pink
liquefactive appearance
gross: creamy _______ liquid (pus)
micro: lots of _____ and ___ ____
yellow-green; neutrophils, cell debris
necrosis seen in infections and brain infarcts, caused by neutrophils releasing toxic contents and “liquefying” tissue
liquefactive necrosis
caseous appearance
gross: soft, ______ tissue
micro: caseating _____
cheesy-looking; granulomas
necrosis seen in tuberculosis infection, caused by body’s attempt to wall of and kill tuberculosis “bugs”
caseous necrosis
group of macrophages surrounding something and trying to phagocytize it
granuloma
a granuloma with lots of necrotic debris in the middle
caseating granuloma
fat necrosis appearance
gross: __ ___ deposits in fat
micro: ____ outlines of ___ ___ cells
chalky white; shadowy, dead fat
necrosis seen in pancreatitis, caused by lipase breaking down fat cells surrounding pancreas, then Ca accumulates
fat necrosis
gangrenous necrosis appearance
gross: ___, ___ skin and ______ tissue
micro: ____ necrosis
black, dead, decomposing; coagulative
necrosis seen in limbs that lose blood supply (not really a different type of necrosis)
gangrenous necrosis
