Week 1: Cell Injury

Question 1

the steady state of a cell

Answer 1

homeostasis

Question 2

excess stress can force cells to develop a new steady state called ______

Answer 2

adaptation

Question 3

state of the cell that occurs when there is so much stress the cell cannot adapt

Answer 3

injured

Question 4

mild cell injury is ______; severe cell injury is irreversible and leads to ___ ____

Answer 4

reversible, cell death

Question 5

the mechanism that takes a cell from normal cell to cell injury (bypassing adaptation)

Answer 5

injurious stimulus

Question 6

two types of cell death

Answer 6

necrosis, apoptosis

Question 7

four types of adaptation

Answer 7

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia

Question 8

hypertrophy is an ____ in cell __

Answer 8

increase, size

Question 9

hyperplasia is an ____ in cell ____

Answer 9

increase, number

Question 10

atrophy is a ____ in cell ___

Answer 10

decrease, size

Question 11

metaplasia is a change from…

Answer 11

one cell type to another

Question 12

respiratory epithelium changing in response to stress to form squamous cells is an example of…

Answer 12

metaplasia

Question 13

what causes cell injury?

Answer 13

ischemia, things from free radicals

Question 14

lack of blood flow is termed…

Answer 14

ischemia

Question 15

in ischemic cell injury…
not enough _____
mitochondria cannot make ___

Answer 15

oxygen, ATP

Question 16

things that form free radicals

Answer 16

inflammation, chemicals, radiation, toxins

Question 17

free radicals have an extra ____ electron

Answer 17

unpaired

Question 18

cell injury often starts with __ ______

Answer 18

ATP depletion

Question 19

without enough ATP, cell membrane pumps fail, and ____ accumulates in the cell

Answer 19

calcium

Question 20

Too much cytoplasmic calcium causes…(3 things)

Answer 20

• poisons mitochondria
• damages proteins/DNA
• activates bad enzymes which damage cell membranes

Question 21

type of cell death in which cell bursts open, releasing its contents and attracting inflammatory cells

Answer 21

necrosis

Question 22

type of cell death in which the cell quietly dies (which is programmed into cell DNA)

Answer 22

apoptosis

Question 23

five types of necrosis

Answer 23

• coagulative
• liquefactive
• caseous
• fat
• gangrenous

Question 24

an area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood flow

Answer 24

infarct

Question 25

necrosis seen in infarcts (except brain), caused by lack of blood supply

Answer 25

coagulative necrosis

Question 26

coagulative necrosis appearance

gross: ___ tissue often in ____ shape
micro: ___ ___ cells, shrunken

Answer 26

firm, triangle; ghostly pink

Question 27

liquefactive appearance

gross: creamy _______ liquid (pus)
micro: lots of _____ and ___ ____

Answer 27

yellow-green; neutrophils, cell debris

Question 28

necrosis seen in infections and brain infarcts, caused by neutrophils releasing toxic contents and “liquefying” tissue

Answer 28

liquefactive necrosis

Question 29

caseous appearance

gross: soft, ______ tissue
micro: caseating _____

Answer 29

cheesy-looking; granulomas

Question 30

necrosis seen in tuberculosis infection, caused by body’s attempt to wall of and kill tuberculosis “bugs”

Answer 30

caseous necrosis

Question 31

group of macrophages surrounding something and trying to phagocytize it

Answer 31

granuloma

Question 32

a granuloma with lots of necrotic debris in the middle

Answer 32

caseating granuloma

Question 33

fat necrosis appearance

gross: __ ___ deposits in fat
micro: ____ outlines of ___ ___ cells

Answer 33

chalky white; shadowy, dead fat

Question 34

necrosis seen in pancreatitis, caused by lipase breaking down fat cells surrounding pancreas, then Ca accumulates

Answer 34

fat necrosis

Question 35

gangrenous necrosis appearance

gross: ___, ___ skin and ______ tissue
micro: ____ necrosis

Answer 35

black, dead, decomposing; coagulative

Question 36

necrosis seen in limbs that lose blood supply (not really a different type of necrosis)

Answer 36

gangrenous necrosis