Week 1: Cell Injury Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

the steady state of a cell

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

excess stress can force cells to develop a new steady state called ______

A

adaptation

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3
Q

state of the cell that occurs when there is so much stress the cell cannot adapt

A

injured

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4
Q

mild cell injury is ______; severe cell injury is irreversible and leads to ___ ____

A

reversible, cell death

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5
Q

the mechanism that takes a cell from normal cell to cell injury (bypassing adaptation)

A

injurious stimulus

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6
Q

two types of cell death

A

necrosis, apoptosis

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7
Q

four types of adaptation

A

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia

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8
Q

hypertrophy is an ____ in cell __

A

increase, size

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9
Q

hyperplasia is an ____ in cell ____

A

increase, number

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10
Q

atrophy is a ____ in cell ___

A

decrease, size

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11
Q

metaplasia is a change from…

A

one cell type to another

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12
Q

respiratory epithelium changing in response to stress to form squamous cells is an example of…

A

metaplasia

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13
Q

what causes cell injury?

A

ischemia, things from free radicals

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14
Q

lack of blood flow is termed…

A

ischemia

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15
Q

in ischemic cell injury…
not enough _____
mitochondria cannot make ___

A

oxygen, ATP

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16
Q

things that form free radicals

A

inflammation, chemicals, radiation, toxins

17
Q

free radicals have an extra ____ electron

18
Q

cell injury often starts with __ ______

A

ATP depletion

19
Q

without enough ATP, cell membrane pumps fail, and ____ accumulates in the cell

20
Q

Too much cytoplasmic calcium causes…(3 things)

A
  • poisons mitochondria
  • damages proteins/DNA
  • activates bad enzymes which damage cell membranes
21
Q

type of cell death in which cell bursts open, releasing its contents and attracting inflammatory cells

22
Q

type of cell death in which the cell quietly dies (which is programmed into cell DNA)

23
Q

five types of necrosis

A
  • coagulative
  • liquefactive
  • caseous
  • fat
  • gangrenous
24
Q

an area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood flow

25
necrosis seen in infarcts (except brain), caused by lack of blood supply
coagulative necrosis
26
coagulative necrosis appearance gross: ___ tissue often in ____ shape micro: ___ ___ cells, shrunken
firm, triangle; ghostly pink
27
liquefactive appearance gross: creamy _______ liquid (pus) micro: lots of _____ and ___ ____
yellow-green; neutrophils, cell debris
28
necrosis seen in infections and brain infarcts, caused by neutrophils releasing toxic contents and "liquefying" tissue
liquefactive necrosis
29
caseous appearance gross: soft, ______ tissue micro: caseating _____
cheesy-looking; granulomas
30
necrosis seen in tuberculosis infection, caused by body's attempt to wall of and kill tuberculosis "bugs"
caseous necrosis
31
group of macrophages surrounding something and trying to phagocytize it
granuloma
32
a granuloma with lots of necrotic debris in the middle
caseating granuloma
33
fat necrosis appearance gross: __ ___ deposits in fat micro: ____ outlines of ___ ___ cells
chalky white; shadowy, dead fat
34
necrosis seen in pancreatitis, caused by lipase breaking down fat cells surrounding pancreas, then Ca accumulates
fat necrosis
35
gangrenous necrosis appearance gross: ___, ___ skin and ______ tissue micro: ____ necrosis
black, dead, decomposing; coagulative
36
necrosis seen in limbs that lose blood supply (not really a different type of necrosis)
gangrenous necrosis