Lecture Summary: Infectious Diseases

Question 1

______ is a dimorphic fungus: it has both spores (little round forms) and
pseudohyphae (long filamentous forms)

Answer 1

candida albicans

Question 2

_____ is commonly present as a harmless part of normal skin and oral flora

Answer 2

candida albicans

Question 3

three types of candidiasis

Answer 3

1. Pseudomembranous candidiasis, or thrush (removable white plaques in mouth)
2. Erythematous candidiasis (red lesions in mouth or at corners of mouth)
3. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (non-removable white plaques; biopsy to rule out
   cancer)

Question 4

candida albicans

• Diagnosis:
• Treatment:

Answer 4

• Diagnosis: obtain swab of lesion, smear on slide, look under microscope for spores and hyphae
• Treatment: topical and/or oral antifungal agents

Question 5

there are __ types of herpesvirus (HHV) family infections

Answer 5

eight

Question 6

HHV-1 is also known as…

Answer 6

herpes simplex virus 1, HSV-1

Question 7

HHV-1 characteristics

_______; affects ______ above the ____; present in _____

Answer 7

very common; skin and mucosa, waist; saliva

Question 8

HHV-1 has primary infection, then remains latent in ___________ for the rest of patient’s life, and can be reactivated to ______

Answer 8

nerve ganglia (especially trigeminal ganglion), secondary/recurrent infection

Question 9

two diseases of primary HSV-1 infections

Answer 9

gingivosomatitis, pharyngotonsillitis

Question 10

HSV-1 more common in adults; presents with numerous small vesicles on
tonsils/posterior pharynx that may coalesce and ulcerate.

Answer 10

pharyngotonsillitis

Question 11

HSV-1 more common in children; presents with numerous small vesicles anywhere
in mouth that may coalesce and ulcerate. Accompanied by fever. Self-limiting within a couple weeks

Answer 11

gingivosomatitis

Question 12

secondary (recurrent) HSV-1 infections are also known as _____

Answer 12

“cold sores”

Question 13

two forms of HSV-1 secondary infections

Answer 13

herpes labialis, herpes stomatitis

Question 14

HSV-1 secondary infection: clusters of small vesicles (blisters) near the lips which rupture and form a crust.
Self-limiting within a week or two.

Answer 14

herpes labialis

Question 15

HSV-1 secondary infection: clusters of small vesicles (blisters) on attached mucosa
(palate, gingiva) of the mouth that rupture and ulcerate. Self-limiting within a week or two.

Answer 15

herpes stomatitis (AKA intraoral herpes)

Question 16

Definitive diagnosis in HSV-1 requires either _____ or _____

Answer 16

a swab of the lesion, or a biopsy.

Question 17

treatment of HSV-1

• primary infection =
• recurrent infection =
• in immunocompromised patients =

Answer 17

primary = not necessary
recurrent = topical/oral antivirals
immunocompromised = IV antivirals

Question 18

HSV-2 usually affects ________, but rarely can cause oral infections; transmitted ___________

Answer 18

skin and mucosa below the waist, sexually through genital secretions

Question 19

HHV-3 is transmitted through ________ or ______

Answer 19

air droplets, direct contact with lesions

Question 20

primary VZV/HHV-3 infection

Answer 20

• Commonly known as “chickenpox”
• Most common in children (most people get it by the age of 15, unless they are vaccinated)
• Lesions have characteristic “dew drop on a rose petal” look

Question 21

main feature of HHV-3/VZV primary infection

Answer 21

itchy rash on trunk, face, extremities, and in oral cavity

Question 22

precipitating factors of recurrent VZV infection

Answer 22

immunosuppression, old age, alcohol abuse

Question 23

recurrent VZV infection features

Answer 23

• very painful vesicles that ulcerate and crust
• location of lesions follows dermatomes on one side of the body
• can last up to 5 weeks

Question 24

HIV is a _____ that infects and destroys a particular kind of lymphocyte called the ______

Answer 24

retrovirus, helper T

cell

Question 25

AIDS is characterized by _______

Answer 25

“opportunistic” diseases

Question 26

oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS

Answer 26

candidiasis, periodontal disease, HSV-1 and VZV

infections, malignancies, and ulcers.