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General/Oral Pathology > Lecture Summary: Systemic Disorders > Flashcards

Lecture Summary: Systemic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

a clump of platelets that covers the hole through which you’re bleeding

A

platelet plug

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2
Q

a protein made by a complicated pathway called the coagulation cascade

A

fibrin

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3
Q

normal hemostasis steps (2)

A
  1. make a platelet plug

2. seal up the plug with fibrin

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4
Q

most bleeding disorders are caused by 1 of 2 things

A
  • something wrong with platelets (not enough, not working right)
  • something wrong with coagulation (not enough of 1 or more coagulation factors)
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5
Q

clinical symptoms of platelet bleeding disorders

A
  • mild
  • bleeding into skin mucous membranes
  • spontaneous/without preceding trauma
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6
Q

examples of platelet bleeding

A

petechiae in skin, nosebleeds, heavy periods

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7
Q

clinical symptoms of factor bleeding

A
  • more massive
  • involves deep joints
  • related to preceding trauma
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8
Q

example of location for factor bleedings

A

knee

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9
Q

lab tests to evaluate bleeding disorders

A
  • platelet count
  • bleeding time
  • coagulation test
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10
Q

x-linked recessive genetic bleeding disorder

A

hemophilia

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11
Q

hemophilia is caused by a problem in the ________ (deficiency of ________)

A

coagulation cascade (deficiency of factor VIII or IX)

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12
Q

clinical bleeding of hemophilia

A
  • can be mild, moderate, severe
  • bleeding preceded by injury
  • deep bleeds
  • excessive bleeding after dental procedures
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13
Q

disorder in which patient has a low platelet count

A

thrombocytopenia

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14
Q

in thrombocytopenia, without enough platelets to make _____, patient can not make ____, and will ____ as a result

A

platelet plugs, clots, bleed more

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15
Q

causes of thrombocytopenia (many are possible)

A
  • splenic sequestration
  • aplastic anemia
  • certain drugs
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16
Q

in thrombocytopenia, bleeding tends to be ______ and is located in ________

A

spontaneous, skin/mucous membranes (petechiae, pinpoint bleeding into the skin)

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17
Q

a below-normal amount of hemoglobin

A

anemia

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18
Q

three ways one can become anemic

A
  1. massive blood loss
  2. destroy too many RBCs
  3. make too few RBCs
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19
Q

general symptoms of anemia

A
  • weakness/tiredness
  • increased HR and RR
  • pale skin and mucous membrane
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20
Q

most common type of anemia

A

iron-deficient anemia (IDA)

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21
Q

iron-deficient anemia is due to a lack of _____ either from _____ or _____

A

iron, chronic blood loss, poor nutrition

22
Q

genetic disease (autosomal recessive) in which patient makes abnormal beta globin chain

A

sickle cell anemia

23
Q

in sickle cell anemia, RBCs become “____” or ____ shaped, which makes red cells ________

A

sickle, curved, fragile and sticky

24
Q

in sickle cell anemia, blocked BV caused ______

A

ischemia

25
Q

clinical symptoms of sickle cell anemia

A
  • extreme pain where tissue is damaged

- regular anemia symptoms

26
Q

radiographic findings of sickle cell anemia

A

-reduced trabeculation of mandible, “hair on end” appearance of skull

27
Q

white blood cell disorders can be _______

A

benign or malignant

28
Q

common finding in WBC disorders is _____, meaning ____

A

lymphadenopathy, enlarged lymph nodes

29
Q

most common cause of lymphadenopathy

A

infection

30
Q

enlargement of lymphoid tissue (big lymph nodes and enlargement of non-lymph-node-associated lymphoid
tissue…tonsils, lymphoid tissue under the mouth mucosa)

A

lymphoid hyperplasia

31
Q

Malignancy of white blood cells that starts in the bone marrow and blood, but can involve other
tissues as well.

A

leukemia

32
Q

oral manifestations of leukemia

A
  • enlargement of gingiva

- petechiae

33
Q

Malignancy of white blood cells that starts in lymph nodes, but can sometimes affect other
tissues as well.

A

lymphoma

34
Q

two categories of lymphoma

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma

35
Q

type of lymphoma with a variable prognoses, with overall good prognoses, and has a few subtypes

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

36
Q

non-Hodgkin lymphoma oral manifestations

A
  • oral lesions (red, purple, yellow lesions on buccal mucosa/gingiva/palate)
  • diffuse gingival swelling
37
Q

Hodgkin lymphoma ____ manifests in the mouth

A

rarely

38
Q

oral findings in Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency

A
  • glossitis

- angular cheilitis

39
Q

oral findings in Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

A
  • fiery red painful mucosa
  • profuse salivation
  • in some areas, mucosa loses uppermost layer/desquamation
  • may develop acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
40
Q

ANUG stands for…

A

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

41
Q

ANUG presents as…

A
  • painful bleeding gums

- punched out looking ulcers in interdental papillae

42
Q

oral findings in Vitamin C deficiency

A
  • spontaneous hemorrhage
  • ulceration
  • severe periodontal disease
43
Q

Vitamin C is required for ______ and ____ surrounds vessels. If there isn’t enough Vitamin C, vascular walls are _______

A

collagen, collagen, weakened and likely to break

44
Q

early diabetes oral manifestations

A

burning tongue, sensitive gingiva

45
Q

later diabetes oral manifestations

A

fulminating periodontitis, bleeding gums

46
Q

end stage diabetes oral manifestations

A

can develop mucormycosis

47
Q

a dangerous fungal infection of the sinuses that

can invade directly into the brain

A

mucormycosis

48
Q

adrenal glands are destroyed levels of adrenal cortex hormones become so low that the patient develops symptoms

A

Addison disease

49
Q

symptoms of Addison disease (remember that Addison disease symptoms can be slow to manifest)

A
  • flu-like symptoms
  • severe hypotension
  • skin bronzing
50
Q

pathway for skin bronzing

A

POMC —> melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) –> bronze skin

excess ACTH = excess MSH —> bronze skin

General/Oral Pathology (13 decks)

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