Week 1 Flashcards
What is motor control
The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
What three things influence the emergence of movement?
Task, Individual, Envronment
The problem of coordinating many muscles and joints is called the
degrees of freedom problem
if the muscle is considered the unit that must be controlled, the degrees of freedom ________
increase dramatically
The body operates in what two ways within a finite and limited class of movements to control the degrees of freedom problem?
functional collectives
coordinative structures
sensory/perceptual systems
provides information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement
What are the three fundamental psychological needs?
autonomy, competence, social relatedness
autonomy
need to determine or feel in control of one’s own actions
competence
need to perceive oneself as capable/competent
social relatedness
need to feel included, accepted, or connected to others, to feel satisfaction in one’s involvement in the social world
Aspects of building autonomy
- subtle conidtioning that convey freedom of engagement or personal autonomy matter
- small choices have a large impact
- incidental/mere choices can affect learning
- social interactions and controlling language can threaten autonomy
aspects of building competence
using language such as “active people, like you, with your experience, usually do very well on this task”
aspects of social relatedness
inclusion
connection
acceptance
collaboration
What are the aspects of the Task
functional categories discrete vs continuous characteristics of base of support presence of manipulation movement of variability open and closed-loop motor control
what are the characteristics of base of support
stable and mobile BOS
stable BOS
nonmoving (sitting, standing)
mobile BOS
moving (walking)
what are two examples of movement variability?
open and closed movement tasks
open movement tasks
constantly changing and unpredictable
closed movement tasks
relatively stereotyped, little variability, fixed predictable movements
open-loop motor control
no sensory feedback is necessary.
typically quick and well-learned movements
closed-loop motor control
afferent information guides movement
slow and controlled movements
What are the two types of environment
regulatory and non-regulatory
regulatory environment
aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself
non-regulatory environment
may affect performance but movement doesn’t have to conform to these features
(background noise)
Activity-based task analysis
process of breaking down an activity into its component parts to understand and evaluate the demands of the task and the performance demonstrated
What are some characteristics of task analysis?
- requires an understanding of ‘normal’
- if deficits are present, must determine why
- can the task, individual, or environment be changed
- how does the patient’s performance compare to what is typical?
Functional categories of tasks
ADLs
BADLs
IADLs
Functional mobility skills
BADLs
grooming
toilet hygiene
feeding
personal device care
IADLs
money management functional communication socialization functional and community mobility health maintenance
Functional mobility skills
bed mobility sitting scooting transfers standing stepping walking stair climbing
Aspects of Gentile’s Taxonomy
- object manipulation / no object manipulation
- body stability / body transport
- environment stationary / environment in motion
- no intertrial variability / intertrial variability
set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other and observable events
Theory
What do theories provide
- framework for interpreting behavior
- guide for clinical action
- new ideas
- working hypotheses for exam and intervention
Theories lose usefulness when…
they don’t provide an accurate interpretation of a patient’s behavior
Reflex Theory
Complex behavior could be explained through combined actions of individual reflexes leading to motor control
Influence of Reflex Theory on PT
- strategies based on testing reflexes
- retraining motor control for functional skills focus on increasing or decreasing the effect of reflexes during tasks
Hierarchical Theory
The cortex is responsible for the planning and development of movement.
Cortex > midbrain > brainstem/spinal cord
Reflexes in the Hierarchical Theory
motor control through inhibition of reflexes by the hierarchical progression/cortex
T/F: The hierarchical theory view reflexes as the sole determinant of motor control
False
What questions are presented by the Dynamic Systems Theory?
“How do the patterns and organization we see in the world come into being from their orderless constituent parts?”
“How do systems change over time?”
What is the principle of self-organization
- when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an orderly way
- No need for a higher center to issue instructions
Principle of Nonlinear Behavior
New configuration of behavior emerges when a single parameter reaches a critical value
Parameters that must reach critical value for infant crawling to walking
ankle strength
fear of falling
length of torso: length of leg/foot
Control Parameter
a variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system
attractor states
preferred patterns of movement used to accomplish common ADLs
attractor well
the degree to which there is flexibility to change in preferred pattern of movement
the deeper the well, the harder the change.
Ecological Theory
- Perception guides action
- Perception focuses on detecting info in the environment that will support the actions necessary to achieve the goal
- The individual is an active explorer of the environment and can detect meaningful intrinsic and extrinsic information to organize actions
- important to help a patient explore possibilities of achieving a function task in multiple ways
