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Motor Development/Behavior > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor control

A

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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2
Q

What three things influence the emergence of movement?

A

Task, Individual, Envronment

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3
Q

The problem of coordinating many muscles and joints is called the

A

degrees of freedom problem

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4
Q

if the muscle is considered the unit that must be controlled, the degrees of freedom ________

A

increase dramatically

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5
Q

The body operates in what two ways within a finite and limited class of movements to control the degrees of freedom problem?

A

functional collectives

coordinative structures

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6
Q

sensory/perceptual systems

A

provides information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement

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7
Q

What are the three fundamental psychological needs?

A

autonomy, competence, social relatedness

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8
Q

autonomy

A

need to determine or feel in control of one’s own actions

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9
Q

competence

A

need to perceive oneself as capable/competent

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10
Q

social relatedness

A

need to feel included, accepted, or connected to others, to feel satisfaction in one’s involvement in the social world

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11
Q

Aspects of building autonomy

A
  • subtle conidtioning that convey freedom of engagement or personal autonomy matter
  • small choices have a large impact
  • incidental/mere choices can affect learning
  • social interactions and controlling language can threaten autonomy
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12
Q

aspects of building competence

A

using language such as “active people, like you, with your experience, usually do very well on this task”

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13
Q

aspects of social relatedness

A

inclusion
connection
acceptance
collaboration

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14
Q

What are the aspects of the Task

A 
functional categories
discrete vs continuous
characteristics of base of support
presence of manipulation
movement of variability
open and closed-loop motor control
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15
Q

what are the characteristics of base of support

A

stable and mobile BOS

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16
Q

stable BOS

A

nonmoving (sitting, standing)

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17
Q

mobile BOS

A

moving (walking)

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18
Q

what are two examples of movement variability?

A

open and closed movement tasks

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19
Q

open movement tasks

A

constantly changing and unpredictable

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20
Q

closed movement tasks

A

relatively stereotyped, little variability, fixed predictable movements

21
Q

open-loop motor control

A

no sensory feedback is necessary.

typically quick and well-learned movements

22
Q

closed-loop motor control

A

afferent information guides movement

slow and controlled movements

23
Q

What are the two types of environment

A

regulatory and non-regulatory

24
Q

regulatory environment

A

aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself

25
Q

non-regulatory environment

A

may affect performance but movement doesn’t have to conform to these features
(background noise)

26
Q

Activity-based task analysis

A

process of breaking down an activity into its component parts to understand and evaluate the demands of the task and the performance demonstrated

27
Q

What are some characteristics of task analysis?

A
  • requires an understanding of ‘normal’
  • if deficits are present, must determine why
  • can the task, individual, or environment be changed
  • how does the patient’s performance compare to what is typical?
28
Q

Functional categories of tasks

A

ADLs
BADLs
IADLs
Functional mobility skills

29
Q

BADLs

A

grooming
toilet hygiene
feeding
personal device care

30
Q

IADLs

A 
money management
functional communication
socialization
functional and community mobility
health maintenance
31
Q

Functional mobility skills

A 
bed mobility
sitting
scooting
transfers
standing
stepping
walking
stair climbing
32
Q

Aspects of Gentile’s Taxonomy

A
  • object manipulation / no object manipulation
  • body stability / body transport
  • environment stationary / environment in motion
  • no intertrial variability / intertrial variability
33
Q

set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other and observable events

A

Theory

34
Q

What do theories provide

A
  • framework for interpreting behavior
  • guide for clinical action
  • new ideas
  • working hypotheses for exam and intervention
35
Q

Theories lose usefulness when…

A

they don’t provide an accurate interpretation of a patient’s behavior

36
Q

Reflex Theory

A

Complex behavior could be explained through combined actions of individual reflexes leading to motor control

37
Q

Influence of Reflex Theory on PT

A
  • strategies based on testing reflexes

- retraining motor control for functional skills focus on increasing or decreasing the effect of reflexes during tasks

38
Q

Hierarchical Theory

A

The cortex is responsible for the planning and development of movement.

Cortex > midbrain > brainstem/spinal cord

39
Q

Reflexes in the Hierarchical Theory

A

motor control through inhibition of reflexes by the hierarchical progression/cortex

40
Q

T/F: The hierarchical theory view reflexes as the sole determinant of motor control

A

False

41
Q

What questions are presented by the Dynamic Systems Theory?

A

“How do the patterns and organization we see in the world come into being from their orderless constituent parts?”

“How do systems change over time?”

42
Q

What is the principle of self-organization

A
  • when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an orderly way
  • No need for a higher center to issue instructions
43
Q

Principle of Nonlinear Behavior

A

New configuration of behavior emerges when a single parameter reaches a critical value

44
Q

Parameters that must reach critical value for infant crawling to walking

A

ankle strength
fear of falling
length of torso: length of leg/foot

45
Q

Control Parameter

A

a variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system

46
Q

attractor states

A

preferred patterns of movement used to accomplish common ADLs

47
Q

attractor well

A

the degree to which there is flexibility to change in preferred pattern of movement

the deeper the well, the harder the change.

48
Q

Ecological Theory

A
  • Perception guides action
  • Perception focuses on detecting info in the environment that will support the actions necessary to achieve the goal
  • The individual is an active explorer of the environment and can detect meaningful intrinsic and extrinsic information to organize actions
  • important to help a patient explore possibilities of achieving a function task in multiple ways

Motor Development/Behavior (12 decks)

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