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Motor Development/Behavior > Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability of the CNS to undergo structural and functional change in response to new experiences

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2
Q

When does neuroplasticity occur

A
  1. during development
  2. in response to the environment
  3. in support of learning
  4. in response to disease
  5. in relation to therapy
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3
Q

Neuroplasticity is driven by

A
  1. the genetic code
  2. injury
  3. experience
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4
Q

After a CNS injury or in response to pain, motor and sensory representational maps change. This is an example of:

A

Negative/Maladaptive Plasticity.

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5
Q

Where does neuroplasticity occur

A

the soma, axon, dendrite, and/or the synapse

can be morphological and/or physiological

occurs throughout lifespan

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6
Q

Types of Morphological Neuroplasticity

A

Neurogenesis

Angiogenesis

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7
Q

Neurogenesis

A

New cell development from neural stem cells

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8
Q

Angiogenesis

A

blood vessel proliferation stimulated by endothelial cells releasing growth factors

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9
Q

components of Physiological Neuroplasticity

A
  • Synaptic efficacy
  • Membrane excitability
  • Blood Flow
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10
Q

Physiological Neuroplasticity:

Blood flow

A
  1. Neurovascular coupling

2. Plasticity is dependent on return of perfusion to an area

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11
Q

Neurovascular Coupling

A

Spatial and temporal association between blood flow to and activation of neurons (functional MRI)

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12
Q

Neuroplasticity at the Systems level definition

A

reorganization of a given region or a change in the area associated with a given function

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13
Q

Interventions to enhance NP

A
  1. Noninvasive brain stimulation
  2. deep brain stimulation
  3. neuropharmacology
  4. physical training
  5. aerobic exercise
  6. cognitive training
  7. rtfMRI neurofeedback (real time fMRI)
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14
Q

Variables that influence Neuroplasticity

A
  1. experience
  2. sleep
  3. mood
  4. hormones
  5. cardiorespiratory function
  6. diet
  7. pharmaceuticals
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15
Q

Experience Dependent factors of neuroplasticity

A
  1. use it or lose it
  2. use it and improve it
  3. specificity
  4. repetition matters
  5. intensity matters
  6. salience matters
  7. time matters
  8. age matters
  9. transference
  10. interference
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16
Q

use it or lose it

A

failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degadation

17
Q

use it and improve it

A

training that drives specific brain function can lead to an enhancement of that function

18
Q

specificity

A

nature of the training experience dictates the nature of plasticity

19
Q

repetition matters

A

induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition

20
Q

intensity matters

A

-induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity

21
Q

salience matters

A

-training experience must be sufficiently salient to induce plasticity

22
Q

time matters

A

intensive exercise performed too early may be neurotoxic

23
Q

age matters

A

training-induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains

24
Q

transference

A

plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance acquisition of similar behaviors

25
Q

interference

A

plasticity within a given neural circuitry can impede the induction of new, or expression of existing, plasticity within the same circuitry

26
Q

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

member of neurotrophin family involved in:

  • neuroprotection
  • neurogenesis

key mediator of motor learning and recovery

27
Q

In animal work, they found that blocking BDNF…

A

impaired motor learning

28
Q

effect of aerobic exercise on BDNF

A

increases in hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and SC

29
Q

when does BDNF increase post exercise in humans?

A

10-60 minutes

30
Q

How does BDNF facilitate long term potentiation?

A

promoting dendritic growth and remodeling

31
Q

Physical activity affects on brain function

A
  1. upregulation of BDNF
  2. NT-3
  3. Increased dopamine and serotonin

(indirectly through cardio, fitness, decreased inflammation, increased cerebral blood flow)

32
Q

Sleep effects on brain function

A
  1. influences synaptic plasticity

2. promotes storage and consolidation of info acquired during previous waking

33
Q

Mood effects on brain function

A
  1. reduction in hippocampal size seen in major depression
  2. mild stress can enhance learning and memory
  3. prolonged stress can cause retraction/atrophy of neuronal processes and neuronal loss
34
Q

Hormones:

Progesterone after CNS injury can…

A
  1. reduce apoptosis
  2. decrease inflammation
  3. enhance myelination
  4. improve recovery of motor function
35
Q

Diet

Caloric restriction can:

A
  1. increase neurogenesis

2. mitigate injury-related decreases in synaptic plasticity

36
Q

Diet

curcumin can

A

enhance cell survival

37
Q

Diet

flavanols can

A

promote angiogenesis, enhance synaptic plasticity

38
Q

Diet

antioxidant

A

provide neural protection

39
Q

Pharmeceuticals

A
  1. Acetylcholine can increase plasticity
  2. cocaine and amphetamine shown to promote synaptic plasticity in multiple regions
  3. amphetamine combined with enriched environment and focused training improves motor function in rats after stroke

Motor Development/Behavior (12 decks)

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