Week 1 Flashcards
What are the disadvantages of classification?
Loss of individual info
Stigma
Stereotypes
Self-concept impact
Why do we need to classify mental disorders?
Provide nomenclature for info structuring
Implications social & political
How does culture affect what is considered abnormal?
Some forms specific to a culture
Culture affects the presentation of disorder
Why is it important to see how common a disorder is?
Population factors may play a causal role
Planning, establishing and funding
Epidemiology is?
Study of distribution to diseases or behavior in a given population
What are the different types of prevalence?
Point- active cases in a point of time
One year- disorder over 1 year
Lifetime- prevalence at any time
Incidence means?
New cases
What are the estimates for prevalence for mental disorders? Lifetime Most prevalent category Most common Co morbidity
Lifetime of having DSM disorder is 46%
Most prevalent category is anxiety then mood disorder
Common individual disorder is major depression, alcohol abuse, phobias, conduct disorder
Co morbidity is high especially if there is a serious disorder
How much % of the population has a long term disease?
11%
What’s the highest prevalence of disorder age range
18-24
What’s the ratio of psychological illness in the past year?
1:5
50% mood 46% anxiety
What are the viewpoints for understanding abnormal causes?
Theoretical constructions
Pushing for an integrative bio psychological viewpoint
Help provide systems, focus and organize
What is the biological viewpoint?
Mental disorder is diseases
What are the categories of biological viewpoints?
Neurotransmitters
Genetic
Temperament
Brain dysfunction/ brain plasticity
The impact of the biological viewpoint includes?
Drugs can alter the severity and course
Disorders classification rests on subjective opinion
Can psychological causes distinguish from biological?
Only prior to nervous system reaction
List the psychosocial viewpoints?
Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive-behavioral Humanistic Existential
The psychodynamic perspectives are?
Id- instinct
Ego-mediator
Superego- internalizing taboos of society
Psychodynamic perspective include protective measures named ego-defense. These are?
Repression -thoughts not entering conscienceless
Displacement- pent up feelings on an object less threatening
Projections- attributing ones unacceptable motives or characteristics to others
Newer perspectives are object relations theory, attachment theory and interpersonal perspective
Learning perspectives include
Classic conditioning- specific stimulus and specific response
Instrumental- learns how to achieve a specific goal
Observational - learning from observation alone
Cognitive-behavioral clinicians attempt to?
Alter patients maladaptive cognitions through
Attributions- assigning causes to things
Attributional style- assign causes to bad or good events
Schematic- representation of knowledge that guides current processing
What are some of the psychosocial factors that have been explored?
Early deprivation
Inadequate parenting styles
Marital discord
Maladaptive peer relationships
Sociocultural viewpoint concerns
Social environment as a source of vulnerability and resistance
What are sociocultural causal factors?
Low SES
Unemployment
Prejudice and discrimination
Social change and uncertainty
What are the basic elements in assessment?
Identify
Predict
Establish baselines for function so treatment can be measured
What are some of the ethical issues of integration assessment data?
Cultural bias Theoretical orientation of the clinician Under emphasis external situation Insufficient validation Inaccurate data or premature evaluation
What are the benefits of classification?
Order
Enabling communication
Statistical research
Insurance issues
Classification is only useful when
Its reliability and validity
What are the 3 basic approaches in classification?
Categorical approach (no overlap) Dimensional approach (range of superior to then impaired) Prototypical ( characteristics)
The DSM-5 is considered as not being?
Fixed
Most tests have defining features such as?
Standardized procedures Behavior sample Scores or categories Norms or standards Predictions of no test behavior
What does standardized mean?
The same from one examiner to another
Disorders contain necessary, sufficient & contributory cause? Explain
Necessary- disorder Y occurs Cause x must precede it
Sufficient- cause X occurs then Disorder Y will also occur
Contributory- if X occurs then the probability of Disorder Y increases
Explain how predisposition of developing a disorder ( distress) works
One or more distal that contribute to cause as well as a proximal ( stressor). Both are not in itself sufficient to cause disorder but together creates a diathesis
Protective factors can include
High self-esteem
School achievement
High intelligence
Easy going temperament
Resilience is
The ability to adapt
What are the 3 dominant forces in psychology
Biological view- psychiatry, clinical science
Behavioral & cognitive- clinical , psychiatry
Socio-cultural- integrative approach
Biological focuses on 4 categories, these are ?
- Neurotransmitters and hormones
- Genetic vulnerabilities
- Temperament
- Brain dysfunction & neural plasticity
Genotype means? How does this shape a persons environment?
Genotype is the genetic endowment someone has ( the hand someone is dealt)
This shapes the environment -
1. passive affect is environment interaction ( enriched, risky)
2. Evocative effect is the reaction from social & physical environment
3. Active effect is the seeking out of an environment
Genotype-environment interaction means ?
Sensitive or susceptible
