Schizophrenia

Question 1

A subtype of delusional disorder erototomania is

Answer 1

Great love for a person usually of higher status

Question 2

What are the subtypes and why are they not in dsm-5

Answer 2

Paranoid
Disorganised
Catatonic
Did not yield much insight

Question 3

Subtypes of schizophrenia include

Answer 3

Schizoaffective ( schizo + mood disorder)
Schizophreniform ( 1-6 months)
Delusional
Brief psychotic disorder ( sudden onset of symptoms

Question 4

Disorganised, positive, negative symptoms have correlated behaviour

Answer 4

Hallucinations- emotional flattening-bizarre behaviour

Delusions- poverty of speech, asociality, apathy, a hedonic- disorganised speech

Question 5

In what way is schizophrenia and schizoaffective different

Answer 5

Mood disorder

Question 6

What is the prevelance of schizophrenia

Answer 6

Under 1%

Question 7

What are the risks and causal factors

Answer 7

Genetic plays a role in development

Factors that genes implicated in susceptibility

Question 8

A reduction of genes Fromm 100 to 50% reduces the risk by

Answer 8

80%

Question 9

What are the major symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 9

Most sever form of mental illness.
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech and behaviour, catatonic behaviour, negative flat affect and social withdrawal

Question 10

Adoption studies such as the Finnish family, sows us that schizophrenia has the confirmation to

Answer 10

The diathesis-stress model. Is despite genetic susceptibility environment determined causal pathways to disease

Question 11

what are the risk and causal factors associated with schizophrenia?

Answer 11

Genetic factors are clearly implicated in schizophrenia. having a relative with the disorder raises a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia —other factors that have been related to the development of schizophrenia include prenatal exposure to the influenza virus, early nutritional deficiencies, rhesus compatibility, maternal stress and perinatal birth complications. Urban living immigration and cannabis use in adolescence. Current thinking about schizophrenia emphasises the interplay between genetic environmental factors.

Question 12

How is the brain affected in schizophrenia?

Answer 12

patience with schizophrenia have problems in many aspects of cognitive functioning they show a variety of attentional deficits such as poor P50 suppression they also show Eye tracking dysfunction.
there are many brain areas that are abnormal in schizophrenia. Including large enlarged ventricles which reflects decreased brain volume, frontal lobe dysfunction, reduced volume of the thalamus, and abnormalities in Temporal lobe areas such as the hippocampus in the amygdala. Major changes in the brain occurred during adolescence include synaptic pruning, decreases in the number of excitatory neurons, increases in the number of inhibitory neutrons.
Some abnormalities get worse over time. Ie neuroprogressive disorder

Question 13

What neurotransmitters implicated in schizophrenia?

Answer 13

The most important neurotransmitters implicated in schizophrenia are dopamine and glutamate.
research shows that the dopamine D2 receptors of patients with schizophrenia are super sensitive to dopamine

Question 14

Why is the family environment important for the well-being of patients with schizophrenia?

Answer 14

Patients with schizophrenia are more likely to relapsed if their relatives are high in expressed emotion. High EE environments may be stressful to patients and may trigger biological changes because this may trigger biological changes that cause disregulation in the dopamine system. This could lead to a return of symptoms.

Question 15

Aberrant salience is ?

Answer 15

Dysregulated dopamine makes attentive stimuli more significant than it actually is

Question 16

Oxygen deprivation leads to what?

Answer 16

Super sensitive to dopamine

Question 17

What type of transmitter is Glutamate

Answer 17

Excitatory

Question 18

Schizophrenia is a good example some study designs what’s retrospective bias or retrospective research strategy ?
hence schizophrenia has used perspective research

Answer 18

involves looking back in time collect information about how the patients behaved early in their lives the goal of identifying factors that might have been associated with what went wrong later a challenge with this technique is the potential for memories to be both faulty and selective
perspective research design which is a strategy that involves looking ahead in time to identify individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of focus research attention on them before any disorder manifests

Question 19

Are hallucinations and delusions the first sign of schizophrenia?

Answer 19

Early motor abnormalities such as facial tics, tongue thrusts, blinking that become more increased in time

Question 20

Are cognitive test confounded by long term medications and long hospitalisation?

Answer 20

Recently ill schizophrenics do equally as bad on cognitive tests than those who have had the illness for a long time. Tests include
Stimulus response
Continuous performance test (no.7 identify in a string)
Working memory.

Question 21

What is High expressed emotion?

Direct causal link of relapse

Answer 21

private interview the researcher will take note of : criticism,hostility and emotional over involvement dislikes or disproval of the patient
extreme emotion dramatically over concerned attitude
This is perceived as stress by patients

Question 22

What is a current investigation using fmri?

Answer 22

High EE may trigger unusual brain activity. Cortisol levels might somehow be involved in patterns of brain activity in ppl who are vulnerable

Question 23

What is the estimate of schizophrenia change if we changed urban living into rural setting

Answer 23

30%

Question 24

What are some of the hypotheses towards white immigration is associated with elevated risk of developing schizophrenia?

Answer 24

1/ immigrants more likely to receive this diagnosis because of cultural misunderstanding
2/ schizophrenics are more likely to move and live in another country
3/ immigrants discriminated against it could lead to a paranoid or suspicious outlook
4/ stress/ sensitive effects of using a list of substances such as cannabis use

Question 25

Why is cannabis use linked to schizophrenia?

Answer 25

Twice as likely than normal population to use
Comt gene (chromosome 22) plays a role in the breakdown of dopamine. Cannabis increases the synthesis of dopamine. Hence cannabis makes symptoms worse