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Checkride Prep > Weather > Flashcards

Weather Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the four different types of fronts

A
  • COLD - Occurs when a mass of cold dense air/stable advances and replaces a body of warm air - OCCLUDED - Occurs when a fast moving cold front catches up to a slow moving warm front (or opposite) Cold occluded/warm occluded fronts - WARM - Occurs when warm air mass contacts and flows over a colder airmass - STATIONARY - Two equal air masses meet the separating front is stationary for days. Both warm/cold weather
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2
Q

Class C airspace- describe/Altitude

A
  • Generally from surface to 4,000 feet MSL - Usually consists of an inner area with 5nm radius and outer circle with 10nm radius that extends 1200-4000 feet MSL - Comms + Mode C
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What are the IFR minimums

A
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5
Q

What are the 5 C’s for a lost aircraft

A
  • Circle
  • Confess
  • Climb
  • Conserve
  • Communicate
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6
Q

What is temperature inversion

A
  • When warm air at a higher altitude is above colder air, creating a barrier, trapping pollutants, fog, smoke. Stable air with no turbulence
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7
Q

When significant precipitation is present, how thick can you expect the clouds to be?

A

At least 4,000 feet thick. The heavier the rain, the thicker the clouds

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8
Q

FAA Advisory circulars containing subject matter specifically related to Airmen are issued under which subject number

A
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9
Q

What is the equipment required for day time VFR?

A

ATOMATOFLAMES FAR 91.205

Airspeed indicator

Tachometer

Oil pressure gauge

Manifold Pressure gauge

Altimiter

Temperature gauge

Oil Temperarature gauge

Fuel Gauge

Landing gear position indicator

Anti collision lights

Magnetic Compass

ELT

Safety belts & harness

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10
Q

What are each of the 6 pack instruments

A
  • Airspeed Indicator
  • Attitude Indicator
  • Altitude
  • Turn Coordinator
  • Heading Indicator
  • Vertical Speed Indicator
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11
Q

What are the 5 types of NOTAM’s

A

NOTAM D- Taxiway closure, personnel/equipment near or crossing runways, airport lighting (From Weather Message Switching Center (WMSC), located in Atlanta, Georgia.

FDC - Flight Data Center, Advertise temporary flight restrictions caused by natural disasters, or large public events that generate traffic

POINTER - Issued by FSS, paints out other NOTAMS, keywords for TFR must be airspace

SAA - Special Activity Area are active outside scheduled published times

MILITARY- Military activity

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12
Q

What are two ways that fog forms

A
  • Cooling air to the dew point
  • Adding Moisture to the air near the ground
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13
Q

What is a center weather advisory?

A

Center weather advisory (CWA) is an aviation warming for use by aircrews to anticipate and avoid adverse weather conditions in the en route and terminal environments. Not a flight planning product. Valid for two hours

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14
Q

What are the types of PIREPS

A
  • Routine
  • Urgent “UA”
  • Should be given to the ground facility with which communications are established
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15
Q

With respect to certification privileges, and limitations of airmen, define the terms: Category, Class Type

A

Category - a broad classification of aircraft: Airplane Rotocraft, Gliderr

Class - Classification of aircraft in a category with similar operating charachteristics: Single Engine Land, Multi Engine Land

Type - Specific Make/Basic Model of aircraft with modifications: DC9, B-737, C-172

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16
Q

What does FAR 61.23 reference? Discuss what they are

A

Medical Certificates: Requirement/Duration

  • Must hold first class for: Airplane PIC privileges etc
  • 2nd class for: 2nd PIC of airline
  • 3rd class for Private Pilot Cert. Privileges, Etc
  • Chart of Med Certs + Requirements
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17
Q

C-172 Electrical System

A
  • 28 Volt DC Electrical System
  • 24 Volt Lead Acid Battery
  • Electricity is provided by a 60 amp Alternator
  • External power receptacle is located on the left side of engine cowl
  • Power is distributed by buses and circuit breakers
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18
Q

What is Flight Information Service? Can it be useful in navigation to safely avoid a thunderstorm?

A
  • FIS is a broadcast service provided by an automatic dependent surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) service network over the 978 MHz VAT data link
  • No they are updated 5-10 mins therefore they are not appropriate for tactical avoidance
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19
Q

What are the equipment requirements for class E airspace?

A
  • No ATC Clearance or radio comms required
  • Transponder at or above 10,000 feet
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20
Q

What do you get on a standard Brief?

A

SAACEDWN

  • Synopsis
  • Adverse Conditions (Airmet, Sigmet)
  • ATC delays
  • Current Conditions
  • Enroute Forecast
  • Destiation Forecast
  • Winds Aloft
  • Notams
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21
Q

What kind and color hydraulic fluid is used on the C172

What kind/color fuel do we use?

A
  • MIL-H-5604 Red fluid
  • 100 Low Lead aviation grade fuel Blue
  • 100 octane aviation grade fuel Green
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22
Q

What type of stall warnign system does the 172S have?

A

Pneumatic stall warning. Inlet on the left leading edge of the wing. Air from top of airfoil gets sucked in Ducted to a horn near the top of the windshield

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23
Q

Precipitation/Weather Type

Surface Analysis Chart

A

Fog

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24
Q

Precipitation/Weather type

A

Fog

Surface analysis chart valid 3 hrs

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25
Q

Precipitation/weather type

Surface analysis chart valid 3 hrs

A

Drizzle

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26
Q

Precipitation/Weather Type

Surface Analysis Chart Valid 3 hrs

A

Heavy Rain

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27
Q

Precipitation/Weather Types

Surface Analysis valid 3 hrs

A

First symbol Freezing Rain

Second symbol is Drizzle

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28
Q

What affects density altitude?

A

Humidity, Temperature, and Altitude affect density altitude

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29
Q

Low Level Significant weather chart

A
  • provides a forecast of aviation hazards
  • covers the CONUS
  • Depicts: Flying categories, Turbulance, Freezing Levels
  • Snap Shot issued 12 hrs and 24 hr prog
  • 4x/day
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30
Q

Sky Coverage - Surface analysis Chart valid 3 hrs

A

Few

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31
Q

Sky Covearage - Surface Analysis Chart valid 3 hrs

A

Clear

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32
Q

Precipitation/Weather Type

surface Analysis chart valid 3 hrs

A

Rain Shower

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33
Q

Precipitation/weather type - Surface Analysis chart valid 3 hrs

A

Rain/Snow shower

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34
Q

Sky Covearage - surface Analysis Chart valid 3 hrs

A

Sky Coverage Info Missing

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35
Q

Sky Coverage - Surface Analysis Chart Valid 3 hrs

A

Total sky obscuration (fog)

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36
Q

Precipitation/weather type

A
  • Light Snow
  • Moderate Snow
  • Heavy Snow
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37
Q

Sky Coverage, Surface Analysis Chart Valid 3 hrs

A

Breaks in Overcast

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38
Q

Sky Coverage - surface Analyis valid 3 hrs

A

Scattered

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39
Q

Sky Coverage - Surface Analysis Chart 3 hrs Valid

A

Broken

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40
Q

Precipitation/Weather Type - Surface Analysis Chart valid 3 hrs

A

Moderate Rain

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41
Q

Precipitation/Weather Type - Surface Analysis Chart Valid 3 hrs

A

Light Rain

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42
Q

Sky Coverage - Surface Analysis Chart Valid 3 hrs

A

Overcast

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43
Q

Wind Barb Examples

Surface Analyis Chart Vali 3 hrs

A

1) Wind from Northwest @ 10 knots
2) Wind from South @15 knots
3) WInd from Northeast @ 65 knots

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44
Q

Station Model

Surface Analyis Chart, Valid 3 hrs

A
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45
Q

Precipitation Type - Surface Analyis chart valid 3 hours

A
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46
Q

Precipitation/Weather Type

Surfae Analyis Chart Valid 3hrs

A
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47
Q

Contouring/Shading

A

1) areas with shading indicate IFR conditions
2) Contoured areas without shading indicate MVFR
3) No count ours or shading indicate VFR conditions

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48
Q

Calculate the correct approach speed until short final given the following conditions: Flaps 20 degrees, winds 240 @ 8kts Gusting to 18kts

A

Add half the gust factor to speed

gust factor: 18-8 = 10

half of 10 = 5

Normal approach speed = 70 + 5 = 75 kts

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49
Q

What are the types of preflight weather briefings?

A

Standard = Contains 7 elements:

1) Adverse Conditions
2) Synopsis
3) Current Conditions
4) Enroute forecast
5) Destination Forecast
6) winds aloft
7) Notams

Abbreviated = Request an Abbreviated Briefing when you need information to supplement other electronically acquired data (e.g., TIBS or DUATs), update a previous briefing, or when you need only one or two specific items.

Outlook = For future flights in 6 hours. This type of briefing is provided for planning purposes only. You should obtain a Standard Briefing as close to departure as possible in order to obtain the latest current conditions, forecasts, and NOTAMs.

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50
Q

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor RAIM does what?

A

RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) is also used to establish if the GPS receiver can depend on the position. RAIM only deals with the horizontal position and not the vertical. RAIM works by using 4 satellites to obtain a position. If a fifth satellite is available, RAIM can be calculated by the GPS receiver by substituting the fifth satellite in place of each of the other satellites, replacing one at a time. This provides 5 positions. The closer all the positions are to one another, the more you can depend on the position. This can also be done with additional satellites and can be augmented by the barometric altitude as an input to the algorithm. Sometimes, the geometry of the satellites don’t allow for determining a good position or the number of satellites in view can cause this as well. RAIM is used by the standard GPS and WAAS HPL/VPL is used by a WAAS GPS. If for some reason, the WAAS signal can’t be received, the WAAS GPS defaults to a non WAAS mode of operation and RAIM is used. But for the vast majority of the time, WAAS is available and it is used instead of RAIM.

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51
Q

What is in a Convective Sigmet?

A

Convective SIGMETs are issued in the conterminous U.S. if these conditions are occurring or expected to occur:

Line of thunderstorms at least 60 miles long with thunderstorms affecting 40% of its length.

Area of thunderstorms covering at least 40% of the area concerned and exhibiting a very strong radar reflectivity or a significant satellite or lightning signature.

Embedded or severe thunderstorms expected to occur for more than 30 minutes.

Special issuance criteria include:

tornado

hail greater than or equal to 3/4 inches in diameter

wind gusts greater than or equal to 50 knots

Any convective SIGMET implies severe or greater turbulence, severe icing, and low level wind shear. A convective SIGMET may be issued for any convective situation which the forecaster feels is hazardous to all categories of aircraft. Bulletins are issued hourly at Hour+55. The text of the bulletin consists of either an observation and a forecast or just a forecast. The forecast is valid for up to 2 hours.

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52
Q

What is a TAF? How many Types?

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs) are concise statements of the expected meteorological conditions within a 5 SM radius from the center of an airport’s runway complex

TAFs can be found on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) website at http://www.aviationweather.gov/adds/tafs or through use of the java tool here

TAFs can be retrieved in the raw coded format or a translated (decoded) format [Figure 1]

TAFs and Routine Aviation Weather Reports (METARs) are very similar but deviate as wind shear, temperature, icing, and turbulence groups are added to the TAF, when applicable

There are two types of TAF issuances:

Routine forecast issuance (TAF), and;

Amended forecast (TAF AMD)

An amended TAF is issued when the current TAF no longer adequately describes the on-going weather or the forecaster feels the TAF is not representative of the current or expected weather

Corrected (COR) or delayed (RTD) TAFs are identified only in the communications header which precedes the actual forecasts

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53
Q

What are the height of clouts Low, Middle and High?

A

Cumulonimbus are the most dangerous. Classified by the height of their bases

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54
Q

Standard seal level pressure

Standard day at sea level

A

1013.2

15 degrees Celsius

29.92 altimiter

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55
Q

Define the term windshhear and state the areas in which it is likely to occur

A

Wind shear is the rate of change of wind velocity (Direction and or speed) per unit distance. Expressed as vertical or horizontal windshear. Can occur at any level in atmosphere but special concerns toward:

  1. Windshear with low level temperature inversion
  2. Wind shear in frontal zone/T-storm
  3. Clear air turbulence @ high levels with Jet stream or strong circulation
56
Q

What are types of TAF’s?

A

Routine Amended and Corrected

57
Q

What is a TRSA?

A

Terminal Radar Service area

  • Delimited area - airspace in which radar and ATC services are made available to pilots flying IFR/VFR for maintaining Separation
  • Depicted as Gray shaded area
  • Radar Sequencing and Separation Service:

Implemented at certain terminal locations

Service is advertised in the Chart Supplement U.S.

Provides separation between all participating VFR and all IFR aircraft operating within the airspace defined as Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)

Pilot participation is urged but not mandatory

If an aircraft does not want this service then state “Negative TRSA Service” on initial contact or as appropriate

VFR aircraft will be separated from VFR/IFR aircraft by one of the following:

500’ vertical separation

Visual separation

Target resolution (a process to ensure that correlated radar targets do not touch) when using broadband radar systems

Participating aircraft must maintain an altitude when assigned, ATC may assign altitudes that do not conform with 91.159 (VFR cruising altitude or flight level)

When altitude restriction no longer applies ATC will advise “Resume Appropriate VFR Altitudes”

Pilots must then return to appropriate 91.159 altitudes as soon as practicable

When not assigned an altitude, the pilot should coordinate with ATC prior to any altitude change

58
Q

In regards to Surface analysis charts what does this symbol read?

A
59
Q

What are the 3 types of aircraft icing you can get?

A
  1. Structural: Ice accumulating on aircraft itself
  2. Induction: on the system, carburator icing
  3. Instrument: Pitot/Static ports. Pitot gets cold= pitot heat. Static has alternate static source on 172S
60
Q

Precipitation/Weather Type

A
61
Q

Center weather advisory

A
  • Is an aviation warning for us by aircrews to anticipate & avoid adverse weather conditions
  • 2 hour period
  • 2 hour valid peirod
    *
62
Q

What is a METAR/Speci?

A
  • Aviation routine weather report
  • Rapidly changing weather conditions aircraft mishaps or critical information
  • Meteorological Terminal Aerodome Report of current weather information released every hour
63
Q

Sigmets

A

Potential hazardous to all aircraft.

Issued when necessary and valid for 4 hours

Severe Icing

Severe Turbulance

Dust

64
Q

What type of weather information will examine to determine if microburst/wind shear affect your flight

A
  • TAF
  • METAR
  • LLWAS
  • Sigmet & Convective Sigmet
  • PIREPS
65
Q

What associates weather with Fronts?

A

Amount of moisture available, the degree of stability forced upward, speed of the front & Upper wind flow.

66
Q

Wind and temperature aloft

A

Forcast for specific locations

issued 4 times a day

winds are not issued for altitudes within 1500ft of a location

67
Q

Convective Sigmet

A

Observation & Forecast valid for 2 hours

Severe thunderstorms due to:

  • Surface winds greater than 50 kts
  • hail 3/4”
  • Tornadoes
  • Embeded Thunderstorms
  • Squal Line
  • TS Affecting 40% area 3,000 square miles
68
Q

Most of the earth weather occurs in what region of the atmosphere?

A
  • Occur in the troposphere which extends from surface to 36,000 ft
  • 15 degrees Celsius - 56.5 degrees Celsius
69
Q

Difference between a stable and unstable atmosphere

A
  • Ability to resist vertical motion
  • stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult
  • unstable atmosphere small vertical air movement tends to become larger: leads to turbulence, extension vertical clouds, severe weather.
70
Q

Cold Front

A

Occurs when a mass of cold dense and stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air.

  • Fast moving 30mph
  • cumulus clouds
  • thunderstorm
  • gust
  • turbulance
  • 25-30 mph
  • hail
  • tornadoes
    *
71
Q

Temp and dew point are close together within 5degrees F what type of Wx?

A

visible moisture in the form of clouds, dew or fog

72
Q

What factors primarily determine the type and vertical extent of clouds?

A

The stability of the atmosphere

73
Q

Weather depiction chart

A

Plot of weather conditions at selected METAR stations

  • IFR
  • MVFR
  • VFR
  • LIFR
74
Q

How can you determine the stability of the atmosphere?

A
  • Stable Lapse Rate of 2degrees Celsius per 1,000 ft
  • Unstable more than 2 degrees Celsius per 1000 ft
    ex: 3degrees Celsius 1,000 ft
    Warm & moist air
75
Q

7 Types of Turbulance

A
  1. Clear Air Turbulence CAT normally occurs outside of clouds at altitudes above 15,000 feet MSL, and its caused by strong wind shears in the jet stream.
  2. Thermal Turbulence Localized columns of convective current (picture a rising column of warm air) result from surface heating or cold air moving over warmer ground. For every rising current, there is a compensating downward current usually slower in speed, since it covers a broader area, causing turbulence.
  3. Temperature Inversion Turbulence Even though a temperature inversion produces a stable atmosphere, inversions can cause turbulence at the boundary between the inversion layer and the surrounding atmosphere.
  4. Mechanical Turbulence When the air near the surface of the Earth flows over obstructions, such as bluffs, hills, mountains, or buildings, the normal horizontal wind flow is disturbed and transformed into a complicated pattern of eddies and other irregular air movements.
  5. Frontal Turbulence Frontal turbulence is caused by lifting of warm air, a frontal surface leading to instability, or the abrupt wind shift between the warm and cold air masses. The most severe cases of frontal turbulence are generally associated with fast-moving cold fronts.
  6. Mountain Wave Turbulence As air flows over the tops of mountains, traveling down the leeward side, a standing mountain wave is formed and air currents oscillate between altitudes. Mountain waves and turbulence can extend for hundreds of miles downwind of the mountain range.
  7. Thunderstorm Turbulence The storm cloud is only the visible portion of a turbulent system in a thunderstorm. But updrafts and downdrafts often extend outside the storm, with severe turbulence possible as much as 15 to 30 miles downwind.
76
Q

How can a pilot obtain updated weather information?

A
  • FSS
  • ATIS
  • HIWAS
  • ATC
77
Q

What are PIREPS and where are they usually found?

A

Pilot Report or PIREP is a report of the actual weather conditions as encountered by an aircraft in flight. Traditionally, these reports are transmitted by radio to an appropriate ground station for dissemination but, when necessary, they can be made by telephone after landing.

FSS

ATC

Aviation Wx.gov

Weather Briefer

78
Q

Dew Point

A

The temperature at which air can no longer hold moisture

Once the relative humidity of a mass of air becomes 100%, then if the temperature falls it cannot hold all of the water vapour within it. The excess water vapour will then condense into cloud or fog or, if in contact with objects on or near the ground, will form dew or hoar frost.

When observing successive weather reports (METARs), a reducing gap between the actual temperature and the Dew Point temperature gives an indication of impending low visibility conditions and the posibility of fog.

79
Q

Why is windshear an operational concern to pilots?

A

because unexpected changes in wind speed & direction can be potentially hazardous to aircraft operation at low altitudes on approach to and departing from airports

80
Q

What is ATIS?

A

Automatic Terminal Information Service:

recording that some airports broadcast in order to reduce frequency congestion. Current weather information, active runway information, NOTAMs, and other useful pieces of information are included in the ATIS. The ATIS is usually updated every hour or when there is a sudden weather change at the airport. ATIS is how pilots get the latest information about an airport over the radio and this is simulated in VATSIM.

81
Q

What is HIWAS?

A
82
Q

What airplane characteristics will be observed in the following windshear situation? Sudden increase in headwind? Sudden Decrease in headwind

A
  • Increase in headwind:
    • As a tailwind shears to a constant headwind an increase in airspeed and altitude occurs along with a pitching tendency
    • reaction is to pull power and reduce pitch but the situation calls for the exact opposite
  • Sudden decrease
    • Add power and higher pitch attitude to continue
    • Climb to remain on the glideslope
83
Q

3 Types of Airmets:

A
  1. Sierra: IFR & Mountain Obscuration
  2. Tango: Moderate turbulance or low level wind shear
  3. Zulu: Moderate Icing
84
Q

Four types of inflight aviation weather advisories

A
  1. Sigmet
  2. Convective Sigment
  3. Airmet
  4. Center Weather advisories
85
Q

IFR Ceiling and visibility

A

ceiling 500 to < 1,000 feet AGL and/or visibility 1 to 3 s.m.

86
Q

Describe the various type of weather obscuring programs now in use

A

Manual Observation Reports made from airport locations staffed

AWOS: Computer generated voice weather data updated minute to minute

ASOS: minute to minute observation necessary to generate METARS and other aviation weather information

87
Q

Examples of charts and reports for determining location of thunderstorm:

  • Convective Outlook
  • Significatn weather chart
  • Weather radar observation
  • Convective Sigmets
  • Pilot Reports
  • Supplementary Weather Products
A
88
Q

Sample station plotting

A
89
Q

Warm Front

A

The boundary area formed when a warm air mass contacts and flows over a colder air mass (google a picture)

  • Slow moving
  • Warm moist air
  • Low Ceiling
  • Poor visibility
  • light moderarte precipitation
  • Stratiform clouds
  • Drizzle
  • Rise in temp
    *
90
Q

VFR ceiling and visibility

A

VFR: Ceiling greater than 3000 feet and visibility greater than 5 miles (includes sky clear).

VFR = >3000′ and >5 miles

91
Q

MVFR Ceiling and Visibility

A

Marginal VFR (MVFR): Ceilings 1,000 to 3,000 feet and/or visibility is 3-5 miles inclusive.

MVFR = 1000-3000′ and/or 3-5 miles

92
Q

Precipitation/Weather type Surface Analysis chart:

A

Haze

93
Q

Relative Wind

A

The direction of airflow with respect to an airfoil. It is parallel and opposite the path of the airfoils movement.

94
Q

Surface Analyis chart

A
  • Surface Analysis Charts are computer-generated charts with frontal and pressure analysis issued from the Hydro-meteorological Prediction Center (HPC). Locations of High, Low, Trough, ridges, Fronts, Sea Level Pressure
  • Issued every 3 hours

Valid Time (VT) of the chart on the lower left corresponds to the time of the observations

Valid time is given in UTC

Information is about 2-3 hours old

Information is all observed data

95
Q

Occluded Front

A

occurs when a fast moving cold front catches up with a slow moving warm front. Warm front prevails but immediately followed by a cold front weather

96
Q

Stationary Front

A

When the force of two air masses are relatively equal. The boundary or front that separates the remains stationary and influence the local weather for days

97
Q

What type of weather briefing is available from an FSS?

A
  • Standard Briefing: Anytime planning a fight & you’ve not received previous brieing
  • Abbreviated: Info to supplement mass data & update a previous briefing
  • Outlook: Prposed time of departure is six or more hours from the time of briefing
  • In Flight Briefing: Update a previous flight briefing
98
Q

Ridge

A

Elongated area of relatively high atmosphere pressure

Decending air

Dissipation of cloudiness

Good weather

99
Q

Trough

A

Elongated area of low atmosphere pressure

rising air

Conductive to cloudiness and precipitation

hence bad weather

100
Q

Define wind shear and slate the areas in which it is likely to occur

A

The rate of wind velocity per unit, it occurs

  • Low Level temperature inversion
  • Frontal zone or thunderstorm
  • Clear air turbulance
101
Q

What is relative Humidity

A

The actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount of moisture it can hold at that temp

EX. Relative humidity at 65%. Means 65% of the moisture the air can hold at that pressure and altitude

102
Q

On a Surface analysis chart what do these wind symbols mean?

A
103
Q

Sample Station Plottingg (Weather Depiction Chart)

A
104
Q

What weather comes with cold front

A

Cumulus

Unstable

Showery precipitation

Good visibility

105
Q

When the term “light and variable” is used in reference to a winds aloft forecast, the coded group and windspeed is..?

A

9900 and less than 5 knots

when the forecast speed is less than 5 knots, coded group is 9900

106
Q

What are the marginal VFR minimums?

A
  • MVFR = Ceilings 1,000-3,000 feet and or 3-5 am visibility
  • Maintain VFR cloud clearance when in class E
  • Blue Dot also means minimum
107
Q

Atmospheric pressure differences, Coriolis force, friction, and temperature differences of the air near the earth cause what atmospheric motions?

A

Convective currents (Upward and downward motion) and winds (horizontal motion)

108
Q

What are the types of weather observations?

A
  • Surface, upper air, radar, satelite

Observations gather data from surface and upper altitude to from the basis of all weather forecasts advisories and briefings

109
Q

What is sublimation?

A

the changing of ice directly to water vapor bypassing the liquid stage

110
Q

What are the layers of the atmosphere?

A
  • Thermosphere = 280,000 ft and up
  • Mesosphere = 160,000 ft - 280,000 ft
  • Stratosphere = 20,001 - 160,000 ft
  • Troposphere = sfc - 20,000ft
  • Tropopause = Traps moisture and weather
111
Q

Composition of air?

A

78% Nitrogen, 21 % Oxygen, 1% Trace gas

112
Q

Why do Winds generally flow across the isobars at an angle?

A

Surface friction

Slows the winds and the coriolis effect/pressure gradient force to not be equal since slow winds are less affecte by coriolis

113
Q

Standard Lapse Rate

A

Decreases at a rate of 2 Degrees Celsius per 1000 ft of altitude gain

ex

15 degrees = sea level

13 degrees = 1000 ft

11 degrees = 2000 ft

9 degrees = 3000 ft

114
Q

What are AIRMETS? Describe types

A

An AIRMET, or Airmen’s Meteorological Information, is a concise description of weather phenomena that are occurring or may occur (forecast) along an air route that may affect aircraft safety. … NOTE: The definition has changed and no longer says “light aircraft”; AIRMETs are intended for all aircraft. Covers 3,000 plus miles, good for 6 hours

  1. Sierra: Mountain Obscuration IFR, ceilings less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 sm over 50%
  2. Tango: Turbulance, light moderate turbulance, sustained surface winds 30 kts or more
  3. Zulu: Icing Light - moderate icing/freezing levels
115
Q

Brush up on METARs and TAFS

A

Watch YouTube

116
Q

What are convective sigmets?

A
117
Q

Define the following:

Cirrus

Stratus

Cumulus

A

Cirrus = very high

Stratus: Flat, formed in layers typically low

Cumulus= Stacked on top of one another, puffy, flat base puffy rounded towers

118
Q

Convective circulation, patterns are cause by? “Associated with sea breezes”

A

Cool, dense air moving inland over the water

119
Q

What are the three basic types of clouds?

A
  • Cumulus: fluffy low but build up and bring rain
  • Stratus: long, total cloud cover, can bring rain
  • Cirrus: high, above 20,000 ft indicate a change in weather is coming
120
Q

Describe a weather depiction chart and what it includes

A
  • Derived/Generated from METARS
  • Includes information on visibility, current weather (rain, snow, fog, etc) sky coverage, and ceiling
  • Broadly characterizes IFR, MVFR, VFR
121
Q

What is SFC based temperature inversion?

What is frontal inversion?

A
  • SFC occur on clear, cool nights when the air close to the ground is cooled but he lowering temp of the ground
  • Frontal inversions occur when warm air spreads over a layer of coooler or cooler air is forced under a layer of warm air
122
Q

The amount of moisture present in the atmosphere depends on the temperature every 20 degrees F plus or minus does what to the moisture?

A
  • Increase in 20 degrees F doubles the amount of moisture air can hold
  • Decrease of 20 degrees F cuts the amount of moisture the air can hold in half
123
Q

During preflight planning, what type of metereológicas information should you be aware of with respect to icing?

A
  • Location of fronts: location type, speed, direction
  • Cloud layers: location of clouds base/ceilings, for determining if you can climb above icing layers or decend beneath.
  • Freeziing levels: Important to avoid icing conditions
  • Air temperature/Pressure: ice tends to be found in low pressure are at temps at or around freezing
124
Q

What is dry adiabatic lapse rate?

Whats the wet adiabatic lapse rate?

A
  • Dry adiabatic lapse rate is 3degrees C per 1,000 ft
  • Wet/moist adiabatic lapse rate varies 1.1-2.8 degreesC per 1,000 feet
125
Q

What is a trough?

what is a ridge?

A
  • Trough: an elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure
  • Ridge: an elongated area of high atmospheric pressure
126
Q

State the general characteristics in regard to the flow of air around high and low pressure systems in the northern hemisphere

A

Low pressure: inward, upward, counter clock

High pressure: outward, downward, clockwise

127
Q

At what rate does atmospheric pressure decrease with an increase in altitude?

A

1” mercury per 1,000 feet

128
Q

What is a surface chart? Surface analysis

A

Analyzed charts of surface weather observations. The chart depicts the distribuition of several items including sea level pressure, position of highs, lows, ridges, troughs, the location of fronts, and various boundaries such as dry lines, outflow, sea-breeze, fronts, and convergence lines

Every three hours, high, low pressure, fronts, temp, DP, wind, speed direction, local weather, and obscurations

129
Q

What are the 4 types of weather advisories?

A
  • Sigmets
  • Convective sigmets
  • Airmets
  • Cennter weather advisory
130
Q

What do these symbols represent?

A
131
Q

What is the forecast of 250 degree, 145 kts encoded as?

270 degree, 199 + kts

On winds aloft?

A
  • 7545 (always 75)

Subtract 100 from speed and add 50 to coded direction

  • 7799 (always 77)
    winds 200+ kts are indicated as forecast speed of 199 kts
132
Q

4 types of fog

A

Radiation (Ground) Fog

Advection Fog

Upslope Fog

Evaporation Fog

Ice Fog

133
Q

Radiation Fog

A

Radiation (Ground) Fog:

Radiation, also know as ground fog, forms over low-lying flat surfaces on clear, calm, humid nights [Figure 1]

Typically extends less than 20’ off the ground

As the surface cools by radiation, the adjacent air also is cooled to its dew point

Cloudy nights reflect terrestrial radiation back to the death reducing cooling through a “blanket” effect would prevent formation

Radiation fog actually occurs when the max temperature is reached

Winds 5 to 10 knots result in dense fog while just 5 knots is shallow fog

Fog will dissipate due to winds greater than 10 knots or solar heating

Surface temperature must rise in order for the fog to clear and so thick layers will last longer as it takes longer to heat the ground

134
Q

Advection Fog

A

Advection Fog:

Advection fog occurs when a low layer of warm, moist air moves over a cooler surface [Figure 2]

Some wind velocity is required for formation and in fact, the fog becomes thicker and denser as wind speed increases up to about 15 knots

Stronger winds lift moisture into low stratus clouds

Fog can stay over water for weeks, moving over land late in the day and back over the water the next morning

Generally, there are two scenarios which lend to the formation of advection fog:

Cold water rising from the depths to the surface cooling the air above it (i.e., the pacific)

Tropical air moving over cold ground (i.e., the gulf coast)

Solar radiation generally cannot penetrate the thickness to warm the Earth sufficiently and so wind is required to push air from a cold surface to a warm surface, reversing the saturation process

Especially due to the high specific heat of water

135
Q

Upslope Fog

A

Upslope Fog:

Forms when moist, stable air is forced up a sloping land mass to a level where the air becomes saturated and condensation occurs [Figure 3]

Requires wind for formation

This type of fog usually forms a good distance from the peak of the hill or mountain and covers a large area

Upslope fog occurs in all mountain ranges in North America

This usually occurs during the winter months, when cold air behind a cold front drifts westward and encounters the eastward facing slopes of the Rocky Mountains

As the cold, moist air rises up the slopes of the mountains, condensation occurs and extensive areas of fog form on the lower slopes of the mountains

136
Q

Evaporation Fog

A

Evaporation Fog:

This type of fog forms when sufficient water vapor is added to the air by evaporation and the moist air mixes with cooler, relatively drier air

There are two common types of evaporation fog:

Steam Fog:

Steam or, steaming fog, forms when cold air moves over warm water

When the cool air mixes with the warm moist air over the water, the moist air cools until its humidity reaches 100% and fog forms

This type of fog takes on the appearance of wisps of smoke rising off the surface of the water giving it the nickname “seasmoke” [Figure 4]

Frontal Fog:

This type of fog forms when warm raindrops evaporate into a cooler drier layer of air near the ground

Once enough rain has evaporated into the layer of cool surface, the humidity of this air reaches 100% and fog forms

137
Q

Ice Fog

A

Ice Fog:

Occurs in cold weather when the temperature is much below freezing and water vapor sublimates directly into ice crystals [Figure 5]

Conditions for formation are the same as radiation fog except for cold temperature, 25°F and colder

Occurs mostly in arctic regions

Can be blinding to someone flying into the sun

Checkride Prep (17 decks)

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