Crosscountry Flight Planning II Flashcards
If an altimeter setting is not available before flight, what procedure should be used? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.121) Use the elevation of the departure airport or an appropriate altimeter setting available before departure should be used.
When may a pilot intentionally deviate from an ATC clearance or instruction? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.123) No pilot may deviate from an ATC clearance unless: ETA
Emergency
Traffic and collision avoidance
Amended clearance was obtained
As pilot-in-command, what action, if any, is required of you if you deviate from an ATC instruction and priority is given?
Two actions are required of you as PIC: (14 CFR 91.123)
a. must notify ATC of that deviation as soon as possible.
b. submit a report if requested
Light Gun Signals in the ground and in the air:
Steady Green
Flashing Green
Steady Red
Flashing Red
Flashing White
Alternating Red/Green
(14 CFR 91.125)
If the aircraft radio fails in flight under VFR while operating into a tower controlled airport, what conditions must be met before a landing may be made at that airport? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.126, 91.127, 91.129)
a. Weather conditions must be at or above basic VFR weather minimums;
b. Visual contact with the tower is maintained; and
c. A clearance to land is received.
What procedures should be used when attempting communications with a tower when the aircraft transmitter or receiver or both are inoperative?
Arriving aircraft receiver inop
Arriving aircraft Transmitter inop
Arriving aircraft Transmitter and receiver inop
Arriving Aircraft Receiver Inoperative:
a. Remain outside or above Class D surface area.
b. Determine direction and flow of traffic.
c. Advise tower of aircraft type, position, altitude, and intention to land. Request to be controlled by light signals.
Arriving Aircraft Transmitter Inoperative:
a. Remain outside or above Class D surface area.
b. Determine direction and flow of traffic.
c. Join the traffic pattern and watch for light gun signals.
Arriving Aircraft Transmitter and Receiver Inoperative:
a. Remain outside or above Class D surface area.
b. Determine direction and flow of traffic.
c. Join the traffic pattern and watch for light gun signals
What general rules apply concerning traffic pattern operations at non-tower airports within Class E or G airspace?
(14 CFR 91.126, 91.127)
a. when landing: make all turns to the left
b. when departing an airport, comply with any traffic patterns established for that airport in Part 93.
When operating in Class D airspace, what procedure should be used when approaching to land on a runway with a Visual Approach Slope Indicator?
(14 CFR 91.129) an altitude at or above the glide slope until a lower altitude is necessary for a safe landing.
What is the fuel requirement for VFR flight at night?
(14 CFR 91.151)
Enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed, at night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.
What is the fuel requirement for VFR flight during the day? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.151)
Enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing, and assuming normal cruising speed, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes.
When operating an aircraft under VFR in level cruising flight at an altitude of more than 3,000 feet above the surface, what rules apply concerning specific altitudes flown?
(14 CFR 91.159)
Above 3,000 feet AGL but less than 18,000 feet MSL on a magnetic course of:
0° to 179°, fly at an odd-thousand-foot MSL altitude plus 500 feet.
180° to 359°, fly at an even-thousand-foot MSL altitude plus 500 feet.
What is an “ELT”? (AIM 6-2-4)
Emergency Locator Transmitter — A radio transmitter which aids in locating downed aircraft. It is designed to function without human action after an accident. It can be operationally tested during the first 5 minutes after any hour.
Is an emergency locator transmitter required on all aircraft? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.207) Yes but several exceptions exist, including the following an aircraft engaged in:
DAMT
Design and testing.
Agricultural operations.
Manufacture, preparation and delivery
Training operations
When must the batteries in an emergency locator transmitter be replaced or recharged, if rechargeable? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.207)
a. When the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour; or
b. When 50 percent of their useful life has expired.
Note: The new expiration date for replacing (or recharging) the battery must be legibly marked on the outside of the transmitter and entered in the aircraft maintenance record. This date indicates 50% of the battery’s useful life.
What are the regulations concerning use of supplemental oxygen on board an aircraft?
(14 CFR 91.211)
a. 12,500 feet MSL up to and including 14,000 feet MSL: flight crew if flying 30 minutes plus at that altitude
b. above 14,000 feet MSL: Crew at all times
c. above 15,000 feet MSL: each occupant is provided with supplemental oxygen
According to regulations, where is aerobatic flight of an aircraft not permitted? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.303) No person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic flight: 43 BLOC
Within 4 nautical miles of the center line of a Federal airway
When flight visibility is less than 3 statute miles
Below an altitude of 1,500 feet above the surface;
Within the Lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport
Over an Open air assembly of persons
Over any Congested area of a city, town, or settlement
Define aerobatic flight. Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.303)
An intentional maneuver involving: abrupt change in an aircraft’s attitude abnormal attitude abnormal acceleration
When are parachutes required on board an aircraft? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.307)
When executing any intentional maneuver that exceeds:
- a bank angle of 60° relative to the horizon; or
- a nose-up or nose-down attitude of 30° relative to the horizon.
The above regulation does not apply to:
- flight tests for pilot certification or rating;
- spins and other flight maneuvers required by the regulations
What is Class A airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑2)
Class A Airspace –
Airspace from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including FL600
Airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles of the coast of the 48 contiguous States and Alaska.
Unless otherwise authorized, all persons must operate their aircraft under IFR.
Can a flight under VFR be conducted within Class A airspace? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.135) No, unless otherwise authorized by ATC
What is the minimum pilot certification for operations conducted within Class A airspace? ()
14 CFR 91.135 The pilot must be at least a private pilot with an instrument rating.
What minimum equipment is required for flight operations within Class A airspace?
(14 CFR 91.135)
a. A two-way radio capable of communicating with ATC on the frequency assigned.
b. A Mode C altitude encoding transponder.
c. Equipped with instruments and equipment required for IFR operations.
How is Class A airspace depicted on navigational charts? (AIM 3‑2‑2)
Class A airspace is not specifically charted.
What is the definition of Class B airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑3)
Class B Airspace:
From the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports
The configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface area and two or more layers
What minimum pilot certification is required to operate an aircraft within Class B airspace? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.131)
Holds at least a private pilot certificate, recreational pilot or sport pilot with requirements met
What is the minimum equipment required for operations of an aircraft within Class B airspace?
(14 CFR 91.131)
a. An operable two-way radio capable of communications with ATC on the appropriate frequencies for that area.
b. A Mode C altitude encoding transponder.
c. If IFR, an operable VOR or TACAN receiver or an operable and suitable RNAV system.
Before operating an aircraft into Class B airspace, what basic requirement must be met? Show Answer
obtain an ATC clearance from the ATC facility having jurisdiction for that area prior to operating an aircraft in that area.
What minimum weather conditions are required when conducting VFR flight operations within Class B airspace?
(14 CFR 91.155) VFR flight operations must be conducted clear of clouds with at least 3 statute miles flight visibility.
How is Class B airspace depicted on navigational charts? (AIM 3‑2‑3)
A solid shaded blue line depicts the lateral limits of Class B airspace.
Numbers indicate the base and top, i.e. 100⁄25, 100⁄SFC.
What basic ATC services are provided to all aircraft operating within Class B airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑3) Show Answer
VFR pilots will be provided sequencing and separation from other aircraft while operating within Class B airspace.
It becomes apparent that wake turbulence may be encountered while ATC is providing sequencing and separation services in Class B airspace. Whose responsibility is it to avoid this turbulence? (AIM 3‑2‑3)
The pilot-in-command is responsible. The services provided by ATC do not relieve pilots of their responsibilities to see and avoid other traffic
What is the maximum speed allowed when operating inside Class B airspace, under 10,000 feet and within a Class D surface area? Show Answer
91.117
Speed Limits
Below 10,000’ 250 knots
Below 2,500’ Class C/D 200 knots
Underlying Class B & corridor 200 knots
When operating beneath the lateral limits of Class B airspace, or in a VFR corridor designated through Class B airspace, what maximum speed is authorized?
(14 CFR 91.117)
Speed Limits
Below 10,000’ 250 knots
Below 2,500’ Class C/D 200 knots
Underlying Class B & Corridor 200 knots
What is Class C airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑4) Show Answer
the configuration of each Class C airspace area is individually tailored but usually consists of:
5 NM radius core surface area that extends from the surface up to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation
A 10 NM radius shelf area that extends no lower than 1,200 feet up to 4,000 feet above airport elevation.
What are the basic dimensions of Class C airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑4)
although the configuration of each Class C airspace area is individually tailored, the airspace usually consists of:
5 NM radius core surface area that extends from the surface up to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation
10 NM radius shelf area that extends no lower than 1,200 feet up to 4,000 feet above airport elevation.
What minimum pilot certification is required to operate an aircraft within Class C airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑4) Show Answer
A student pilot certificate.
What minimum equipment is required to operate an aircraft within Class C airspace?
(14 CFR 91.130, 91.215)
a. A two-way radio.
b. Automatic pressure altitude reporting equipment with Mode C capability.
When operating an aircraft through Class C airspace or to an airport within Class C airspace, what basic requirement must be met?
(14 CFR 91.130) Each person must establish two-way radio communications with ATC
Two-way radio communications must be established prior to entering Class C airspace. Define what is meant by “established” in this context. (AIM 3‑2‑4) Show Answer
If a controller responds to a radio call with, “(aircraft call sign) standby,” radio communications have been established.
When departing a satellite airport without an operative control tower located within Class C airspace, what requirement must be met? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.130)
Each person must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facilities having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace area as soon as practicable after departing.
What minimum weather conditions are required when conducting VFR flight operations within Class C airspace?
(14 CFR 91.155)
3 statute miles flight visibility and cloud clearances of at least 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above and 2,000 feet horizontal to clouds.
How is Class C airspace depicted on navigational charts? (AIM 3‑2‑4)
A solid magenta line is used to depict Class C airspace.
What type of Air Traffic Control services are provided when operating within Class C airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑4)
VFR aircraft are:
a. Sequenced to the primary airport.
b. Provided Class C services within the Class C airspace and the outer area.
c. Provided basic radar services beyond the outer area on a workload permitting basis. This can be terminated by the controller if workload dictates.
Where is Mode C altitude encoding transponder equipment required? (AIM 4‑1‑20)
a. At or above 10,000 feet MSL over the 48 contiguous states or the District of Columbia, excluding that airspace below 2,500 feet AGL. b. Within 30 miles of a Class B airspace primary airport, below 10,000 feet MSL c. Within and above all Class C airspace, up to 10,000 feet MSL; D. All aircraft flying into, within, or across the contiguous U.S. ADIZ. Note: Civil and military transponders should be turned to the “on” or normal altitude reporting position prior to moving on the airport surface to ensure the aircraft is visible to ATC surveillance systems.
What is the maximum speed an aircraft may be operated within Class C airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑4)
91.117
Speed Limits
Below 10,000’ 250 knots
Below 2,500’ Class C/D 200 knots
Underlying Class B & Corridor 200 knots
What is Class D airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑5)
Class D airspace extends upward from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower.
When operating an aircraft through Class D airspace or to an airport within Class D airspace, what requirement must be met?
(14 CFR 91.129) Each person must establish two-way radio communications with ATC
When departing a satellite airport without an operative control tower located within Class D airspace, what requirement must be met? Show Answer
(14 CFR 91.129)
Each person must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the Class D airspace area as soon as practicable after departing.
Is an ATC clearance required if flight operations are conducted through a Class E surface area arrival extension? (AIM 3‑2‑5, 3‑2‑6)
Not for VFR operations
What minimum weather conditions are required when conducting VFR flight operations within Class D airspace?
(14 CFR 91.155) VFR flight operations within Class D airspace require 3 statute miles flight visibility and cloud clearances of at least 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above and 2,000 feet horizontal to clouds.
How is Class D airspace depicted on navigational charts? (AIM 3‑2‑5) Show Answer
Class D airspace areas are depicted on Sectional and Terminal charts with blue segmented lines, and on IFR Enroute Lows with a boxed [D].
What type of Air Traffic Control services are provided when operating within Class D airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑5, 5‑5‑8, and 5‑5‑10)
No separation services are provided to VFR aircraft. A controller, on a workload permitting basis, will provide radar traffic information, safety alerts and traffic information for sequencing purposes.
What is the maximum speed an aircraft may be operated within Class D airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑5) Show Answer
91.117
Speed Limits
Below 10,000’ 250 knots
Below 2,500’ Class C/D 200 knots
Underlying Class B & Corridor 200 knots
When a control tower, located at an airport within Class D airspace, ceases operation for the day, what happens to the lower limit of the controlled airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑5)
During the hours the tower is not in operation, Class E surface area rules, or a combination of Class E rules down to 700 feet AGL and Class G rules to the surface, will become applicable. Check the Chart Supplement U.S. for specifics.
Will all airports with an operating control tower always have Class D airspace surrounding them? (AIM 4‑3‑2)
No; some airports do not have the required weather reporting capability necessary for surface based controlled airspace. The controlled airspace over these airports normally begins at 700 feet or 1,200 feet AGL and can be determined from visual aeronautical charts.
What is the definition of Class E (controlled) airspace? (AIM Glossary)
airspace where air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace.
State several examples of Class E airspace. (AIM 3‑2‑6)
SETVODA
Surface area
Extension
Ttransition
Victor airways
Off shore
Domestic enroute
Above FL 600
What are the operating rules and pilot/equipment requirements to operate within Class E airspace? (AIM 3‑2‑6)
a. Minimum pilot certification — student pilot certificate.
b. No specific equipment requirements in Class E airspace.
c. No specific requirements for arrival or through flight in Class E airspace.
When a Class C or Class D surface area is not in effect continuously (for example, where a control tower only operates part-time), what will happen to the surface area airspace when the tower closes? (AIM 3-2-6)
The surface area airspace will change to either
Class E surface area or Class G airspace - look for info in the Chart Supplement
Explain the purpose of Class E transition areas. (AIM 3-2-6)
Class E transition areas extend upward from either 700 feet AGL (magenta vignette) or 1,200 feet AGL (blue vignette) and exist to help separate (via cloud clearance) arriving and departing IFR traffic from VFR aircraft operating in the vicinity.
Are you required to establish communications with a tower located within Class E airspace?
(14 CFR 91.127) Yes; Communications must be established prior to 4 nautical miles from the airport, up to and including 2,500 feet AGL.
How is Class E airspace depicted on navigational charts? (AIM 3‑2‑6; USRGD)
narrow bands of vignette on Sectional and Terminal Area charts. a magenta vignette; a blue vignette;
How are Class E surface extension areas depicted on navigational charts? (USRGD) Show Answer
a magenta segmented line.
What is the definition of Class G airspace? (AIM 3‑3‑1)
airspace that has not been designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E airspace. It is airspace in which air traffic control has no authority or responsibility to control air traffic
Are you required to establish communications with a tower located within Class G airspace?
Yes; unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft to, from, through, or on an airport having an operational control tower unless two-way communications are maintained between that aircraft and the control tower. Communications must be established prior to 4 nautical miles from the airport, up to and including 2,500 AGL.
What are the vertical limits of Class G airspace? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Class G airspace begins at the surface, not to exceed 14,500 feet MSL.
What is the minimum cloud clearance and visibility required when conducting flight operations in a traffic pattern at night in Class G airspace below 1,200 feet AGL? (
14 CFR 91.155) When the visibility is less than 3 statute miles but not less than 1 statute mile during night hours, an airplane may be operated clear of clouds if operated in an airport traffic pattern within one-half mile of the runway.
What is the main difference between Class G airspace and Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace?
The main difference which distinguishes Class G airspace from Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace is the flight visibility/cloud clearance requirements necessary to operate within it.
What minimum flight visibility and clearance from clouds are required for VFR flight in the following situations? Class C, D, or E Airspace At or above 10,000 feet MSL: Class G Airspace (day/night/below&above 1200ft)
(14 CFR 91.155) Class C, D, or E Airspace Less than 10,000 feet MSL: Visibility: 3 statute miles. Cloud clearance: 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal. At or above 10,000 feet MSL: Visibility: 5 statute miles. Cloud clearance: 1,000 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 1 statute mile horizontal. Class G Airspace 1,200 feet or less above the surface (regardless of MSL altitude): Day Visibility: 1 statute mile. Cloud clearance: clear of clouds Night Visibility: 3 statute miles Cloud clearance: 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal. More than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 ft. MSL: Day Visibility: 1 statute mile Cloud clearance: 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal. Night Visibility: 3 statute miles Cloud clearance: 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal. More than 1,200 feet above the surface and at or above 10,000 feet MSL: Visibility: 5 statute miles Cloud clearance: 1,000 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 1 statute mile horizontal.
What are the “basic” VFR weather minimums required for operation of an aircraft into Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace?
(14 CFR 91.155) 1,000-foot ceiling and 3 miles visibility.
If VFR flight minimums cannot be maintained, can a VFR flight be made into Class B, C, D, or E airspace? (AIM 4‑4‑6)
No, with one exception a “Special VFR clearance” may be obtained from ATC prior to operating within a Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E surface area The flight should remain clear of clouds with at least one statute mile ground visibility if taking off or landing or, one statute mile flight visibility for operations within Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E surface areas.
Are Special VFR clearances always available to pilots in all classes of airspace? (AIM 4‑4‑6)
traffic permitting and providing such flight will not delay IFR operations. Note: Special VFR operations by fixed wing aircraft are prohibited in some Class B and Class C surface areas due to the volume of IFR traffic.
If it becomes apparent that a special VFR clearance will be necessary, what facility should the pilot contact in order to obtain one? (AIM 4‑4‑6) Show Answer
requests for clearances should be made to the tower. In a Class E surface area, a clearance may be obtained from the nearest tower, FSS, or center.
Can a “Special VFR clearance” be obtained into or out of Class B, C, D, or E airspace at night? (AIM 4‑4‑6)
Special VFR operations by fixed-wing aircraft are prohibited between sunset and sunrise unless the pilot is instrument rated and the aircraft is equipped for IFR flight.
What is a “Prohibited Area”? (AIM 3‑4‑2)
the flight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas are established for security or other reasons associated with the national welfare.
What is a “Restricted Area”? (AIM 3‑4‑3)
Aircraft, may enter with authorization from controlling agency. These areas denote the existence of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles. Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its occupants.
Under what conditions, if any, may pilots enter restricted or prohibited areas? Show Answer
Restricted requires permission or outside of operating hours Prohibited - requires permission but its normally never grated
What is a “Warning Area”? (AIM 3‑4‑4)
extends from three nautical miles outward from the coast of the United States activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such an area is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters, or both.
What is a “MOA”? (AIM 3‑4‑5)
MOA: area of military training activities Pilots operating under VFR should/ exercise extreme caution while flying within an MOA when military activity is being conducted. Prior to entering an active MOA, pilots should contact the controlling agency for traffic advisories.
What is an “Alert Area”? (AIM 3‑4‑6)
areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity. Pilots should be particularly alert when flying in these areas. pilots transiting the area shall be equally responsible for collision avoidance.
What are “Controlled Firing Areas”? (AIM 3‑4‑7)
activities that could be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. T its activities are suspended immediately when spotter aircraft, radar or ground lookout positions indicate an aircraft might be approaching the area. CFAs are not charted.
What is a “National Security Area”? (AIM 3‑4‑8)
where there is a requirement for increased security and safety of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to voluntarily avoid flying through the depicted NSA and when necessary, NSAs may be temporarily prohibited
