Cross Country Flight Planning I Flashcards
What are three common ways to navigate?
a. Pilotage (by reference to visible landmarks);
b. Dead reckoning (by computing direction and distance from a known position); or
c. Radio navigation (by use of radio aids).
What type of aeronautical charts are available for use in VFR navigation? (AIM 9‑1‑4) Show Answer
a. Sectional Charts — designed for visual navigation of slow to medium speed aircraft. One inch equals 6.86 nautical miles. They are revised semiannually, except most Alaskan charts which are revised annually.
b. VFR Terminal Area Charts (TAC) — TACs depict the Class B airspace. While similar to sectional charts, TACs have more detail because the scale is larger. One inch equals 3.43 nautical miles. Charts are revised semiannually,
c. VFR Flyway Planning Charts — This chart is printed on the reverse side of selected TAC charts. The coverage is the same as the associated TAC. They depict flight paths and altitudes recommended for use to bypass high traffic areas.
Are electronic flight bags (EFBs) approved for use as a replacement for paper reference material (POH and Supplements, charts, etc.) in the cockpit? (AC 91-78)
Yes
What is an “isogonic line”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
They show the amount and direction of magnetic variation. Shown on most aeronautical charts as broken magenta lines.
What is “magnetic variation”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
Variation is the angle between true north and magnetic north.
How do you convert a true direction to a magnetic direction? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
note the variation shown by the nearest isogonic line. If variation is west, add; if east, subtract. Remember: East is Least (Subtract) West is Best (Add)
What are lines of latitude and longitude? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
Lines of latitude measure north-south position between the poles. Lines of latitude are all parallel to each other, thus they are often referred to as parallels.
Lines of longitude, or meridians, run between the North and South Poles. They measure east-west position
What is “magnetic deviation”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Magnetic influences within the airplane itself causing compass needle to frequently deflected from its normal reading
Name several types of navigational aids. (AIM 1-1-2 through 1-1-7 and 1-1-17) Show Answer
a. VOR (Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range)
b. VORTAC (VHF Omnidirectional Range/Tactical Air Navigation)
c. DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) d. RNAV (Area Navigation) includes INS, VOR/DME-referenced, and GPS.
What is a “VOR” or “VORTAC”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
VORs are VHF radio stations that project radials in all directions (360°) from the station, like spokes from the hub of a wheel.
Within what frequency range do VORs operate? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
108 and 117.95 MHz
What is a VOR “radial”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
A “radial” is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending from an omnidirectional range (VOR).
How are VOR NAVAIDs classified? (AIM 1‑1‑8) Show Answer
Terminal, Low, and High
What reception distances can be expected from the various class VORs? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
Answer Class Distance/Altitudes Miles
T 12,000’ and below - 25 miles
What limitations, if any, apply to VOR reception distances? (AIM 1‑1‑3)
VORs are subject to line-of-sight restrictions, and the range varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment.
What are the different methods for checking the accuracy of VOR receiver equipment? (14 CFR 91.171) Show Answer
VOT (VOR Test Facilities) checkpoint — plus or minus 4°
Ground checkpoint — plus or minus 4°
Airborne checkpoint — plus or minus 6°
Dual VOR check — 4° between each other
What is “DME”? (AIM 1‑1‑7) Show Answer
used to measure, in nautical miles, the slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME navigational aid.
Give a brief explanation of GPS. (AIM 1-1-17)
Global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system that broadcasts a signal used by receivers to determine a precise position anywhere in the world.
What are the three functional elements of GPS? (FAA-H-8083-15) Show Answer
Space element — consists of 24 satellites.
Control element — consists of a network of ground-based GPS monitoring and control stations that ensure the accuracy of satellite positions and their clocks.
User element — consists of antennas and receiver-processors onboard aircraft that provide positioning, velocity, and precise timing to the user.
What are the different types of GPS receivers available for use? (AIM 1-1-17) Hide Answer
1) fully integrated IFR/VFR installations used to support VFR operations
2) handheld devices.
What is the purpose of RAIM? (FAA-H-8083-6)
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) ensures that adequate GPS signals are being received from the satellites at all times.
Where can a pilot obtain RAIM availability information? (AIM 1-1-17)y
From an FSS during preflight briefings use the RAIM prediction tool
If RAIM capability is lost in-flight, can you continue to use GPS for navigation? (FAA-H-8083-25, AIM 1-1-17) Show Answer
Without RAIM capability, the pilot has no assurance of the accuracy of the GPS position.
Before conducting a flight using GPS equipment for navigation, what basic preflight checks should be made? (FAA-H-8083-16)j
Expiration of database
Notams
Operation Manual
How can a pilot determine what type of operation a GPS receiver is approved for? (FAA-H-8083-6) Show Answer
Reference the POH/AFM and supplements
During a preflight briefing, will the FSS briefer automatically provide a pilot with GPS NOTAMS? (FAA-H-8083-6)
No. You must specifically request GPS/WAAS NOTAMs.
How many satellites does a GPS receiver require to compute its position? (FAA-H-8083-15) Show Answer
3 satellites — yields a latitude and longitude position only (2D)
4 satellites — yields latitude, longitude, and altitude position (3D)
What is WAAS? (FAA-H-8083-6)
The wide area augmentation system (WAAS) provides extremely accurate lateral and vertical navigation signals to aircraft equipped with GPS/WAAS-enabled certified (TSO C-146) equipment.
What limitations should you be aware of when using a panel-mount VFR GPS or a hand-held VFR GPS system for navigation? (AIM 1-1-17)y
RAD
RAIM capability — Many VFR GPS receivers and all hand-held units have no RAIM alerting capability.
Antenna location —Handheld GPS receiver antenna location is limited to the cockpit or cabin only and is rarely optimized to provide a clear view of available satellites.
Database currency — these databases must be maintained to the current update for IFR operation, but no such requirement exists for VFR use.
What is the meaning of a heavy-lined blue box surrounding a NAVAID frequency? (Chart Legend)
Indicates FSS frequencies 121.5, 122.2, 243.0 and 255.4 are available.
Why would a frequency be printed on top of a heavy-lined box? (Chart Legend) Hide Answer
This usually means that this frequency is available in addition to the standard FSS frequencies.
What is the meaning of a thin-lined blue box surrounding a NAVAID frequency? (Chart Legend) Show Answer
A plain box without frequencies on top indicates that there are no standard FSS frequencies available. These NAVAIDs will have a “no voice” symbol (underline under frequency).
How can a pilot determine the availability of HIWAS when looking at a VFR Sectional chart? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
Navaids that have HIWAS capability are depicted on sectional charts with an “H” in the upper right corner of the identification box.
What meaning does the letter “T” in a solid blue circle appearing in the top right corner of a NAVAID frequency box have? (Chart Legend)
(Alaska only) A Transcribed Weather Broadcast is available. A TWEB is a continuous recording of meteorological and aeronautical information that is broadcast on L/MF and VOR facilities for pilots.
