RJ Mock Checkride I Flashcards
What is ADM?
A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilot to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances
When does ADM begin?
The moment I decide to make a trip
What are some acronyms that I can use in the ADM Process
DECIDE
Detect: the fact that change has occurred
Estimate: estimate the need to counter or react to the change
Choose: Choose a desirable outcome Identify:
Identify actions which could successfully control the change
Do: take necessary action
Evaluate: evaluate the effects of the action
IMSAFE Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Eating
PAVE Pilot Airplane EnVironment External Pressures
What is PAVE in terms of ADM
Pilot - IMSAFE, Competency
Airplane - Performance, Equipment (INOP), airworthiness
EnVironment - Weather, ATC, NAVAIDS, Terrain, TOL distances, Obstacles
External Pressure - Why is the flight being made? How critical is it to maintain schedule
What does SRM Stand for and how does it work?
Single-pilot resource management (SRM) is the art of managing all onboard and outside resources to ensure a safe and successful flight.
Who is responsible for collision avoidance
The PIC
When are stalls/spins most likely to happen?
Happens anytime Maneuvering, takeoff, go around, turns, turn from base to final
What does ATC do for me when I pick up flight following?
I’m responsible for collision avoidance and traffic separation They provide traffic calls they do not separate or sequence me unless I am in Class B airspace
Now that you have your Private Certificate, what can or can I not do?
14 CFR 61.113) I can’t act as pilot in command of an aircraft for compensation or hire or that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire. A private pilot
a. May act as PIC of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if it is only incidental to that business or employment and does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire.
b. May not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees.
c. May act as PIC of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in 14 CFR §91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of that regulation.
d. May be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of local, state, or Federal agencies or organizations that conduct search and location operations.
e. May demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer if the private pilot is an aircraft salesman and has at least 200 hours of logged flight time.
f. May act as PIC of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, provided they meet the requirements of 14 CFR §61.69.
g. May act as PIC for the purpose of conducting a production flight test in a light-sport aircraft
What if my friend asked me to bring back her plane from San Diego and I just happen to be in San Diego and have free time to do it?
I cannot fly the plane back because even though we are not exchanging money, I am gaining something by logging time and bringing the plane back.
What kind of airplane can I fly?
61.31 Airplane Single Engine Land (not an Aircraft) that does not require an endorsement such as tail wheel, complex, high performance, pressurized aircraft or does not require a type rating such as Large aircraft, Turbo Jet, other aircraft specified by the administrator.
What is the definition of a complex airplane, and what must you do to act as pilot-of-command of such an airplane?
(14 CFR 61.1, 14 CFR 61.31) A “complex airplane” has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller; including airplanes equipped with a full-authority digital engine control (FADEC). The plane MUST have all three retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable fixed propeller to be “Complex”
To act as pilot-in-command of such an airplane, you must have:
a. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane
b. Received a one-time endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a complex airplane.
What is the definition of a high-performance airplane, and what must you do to act as pilot-in-command of such an airplane?
(14 CFR 61.31) A high-performance is an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower. To act as PIC of a high-performance you must have: a. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and have been found proficient in the operation and systems of that airplane. b. Received and logged a one-time endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a high-performance airplane.
What is the definition of a tail wheel airplane and what must you do to act as pilot-in-command of such an airplane?
(14 CFR 61.31) A high-performance is an airplane with a wheel in the tail and no nose wheel. To act as PIC of a tail wheel airplane, you must have: a. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and have been found proficient in the operation and systems of that airplane. b. Received and logged a one-time endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a tail wheel airplane.
What is the definition of a pressurized airplane and what must you do to act as pilot-in-command of such an airplane?
(14 CFR 61.31) A pressurized airplane is an airplane that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude whichever is lower of 25,000 feet MSL.
To act as PIC of a pressurized airplane, you must have:
a. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a pressurized airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and have been found proficient in the operation and systems of that airplane.
b. Received and logged a one-time endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a pressurized airplane
How long are endorsements for?
A lifetime they do not expire
What’s the definition of a large aircraft and what is required?
(14 CFR 61.31) Large aircraft means aircraft of more than 12,500 lbs maximum certificated takeoff weight and it requires a type rating via a check ride
The king air 350 is a turboprop and its rated at 12,500 lbs and it requires a typerating to fly. If i get a typerating in a king air 350, i can only fly the king air, I cant fly a 737
What is a turbojet aircraft and what is required for me to fly this?
(14 CFR 61.31) A
turbojet engine is a jet engine which produces all of its thrust by ejecting a high energy gas stream from the engine exhaust nozzle.
In contrast to a turbofan or bypass engine, 100% of the air entering the intake of a turbojet engine goes through the engine core.
The Pilatus pc12 doesn’t require a typerating its turboprop and less than 12,500 lbs
What else requires a type rating?
Other aircraft specified by the administrator
What do i need to do on an ongoing basis to continue to fly with passengers?
I must meet the recent flight experience requirements under 61.57 “flight Review” DO NOT call it remaining “Current” its not “current” its called meeting fling recency experience.
a. Within the last 24 months, had a flight review given in an aircraft for which the pilot is rated and received a logbook endorsement
b. To carry passengers, a pilot must have made, within the preceding 90 days –
- three takeoffs and landings as the sole manipulator of flight controls of an aircraft of the same category and class and, if a type rating is required, of the same type.
- if the aircraft is a tailwheel airplane, the landings must have been made to a full stop in an airplane with a tailwheel.
- if operations are to be conducted during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise, with passengers on board, at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during that period in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type is required), of aircraft to be used.
What are the three meanings the FAA uses for night?
1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise is the regency of experience definition of night The beginning and end of civil twilight is for the purpose of logging NIGHT time From sunset to sunrise is for the use of position lights
What’s a fligh review? How many hours are required? How often are flight reviews? What other things can i do instead of a Flight review? Where can i find out what i have to study for the flight review?and who can I take a flight review with?
Flight reviews are required for recency under 61.56 1 hour flight TRAINING 1 hour ground training
I have to take this at least every 24 calendar months (airlines do it every 12 mos)
I can enroll in an FAA program instead or take a check ride instead of a review I can read the advisory circular or the ACS to know what to study I can take the review with an instructor, examiner, with the FAA, with a military instructor, check airman
To fly with passengers what are the three general things i must do?
1) Flight Review 61.56
2) maintain recency 61.57
3) have a medical cert
What are the medical certificates and when do they expire?
61.23
3rd class medical is for private pilots valid for 60 calendar months if I’m under 40 and 24 calendar months if I’m under 40
2nd class medical is for commercial pilots valid for 24 calendar months regardless of age
1st class medical is for ATP valid for 12 calendar months if under the age of 40 and 6 calendar months if over the age of 40
What is basicmed and where do we find guidance on it?
BasicMed also limits the type of flying you can do:
Your aircraft must be certified for six occupants or less,
You can only fly five passengers, plus yourself as PIC,
The aircraft is limited to 6,000 pounds takeoff weight,
Flights can only be within the U.S. and U.S. territories, as well as the Bahamas, which has accepted BasicMed,
You must fly below 18,000’ MSL,
You must fly at 250 KIAS or less,
You cannot not fly for compensation Info is found on advisory circular 68.1
Do we need to log every single flight
61.51 You’re only required to document and record the training and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for 4 things certificate rating flight review recent flight experience requirements.
While you are performing a preflight inspection on your aircraft, an inspector from the FAA introduces herself and says she wants to conduct a ramp inspection. What documents are you required to show the inspector?
(14 CFR 61.3) Pilot Certificate Original Valid Government Photo ID (no copies) Medical
What if I lost my pilot certificate before a flight? What can I do?
Go to FAA website and request a replacement. I will then receive a document called a federal declaration saying that I can operate an aircraft In lieu of a certificate
I go to the airport and I’m about to go flying but I realize i left my logbook at home, can I go flying?
Yes - there are no regs saying that a private pilot can’t fly without their logbook. A student pilot needs it for their solo endorsements
How would you determine that the plane we brought to the checkride is airworthy?
1 ) preflight
2) ARROWED Airworthiness Radio station license Registration Operating Limitations Weight and balance External data plate Deviation Card
3) AVIATES AD VOR Inspections: 100 hour/Annual Altimeter/Static Transponder ELT
Do you need the 100 hour inspection if I’m flying my friends to Camarillo? Do i need a 100 hour for the checkride?
The 100 hour is required for flight instruction And required for hire
For hire means someone is paying me to fly I am for hire. If it is an airplane that is for hire yes. To fly my friends to Camarillo then no.
Don’t need it for the checkride because there’s no flight instructing happening and no one is being hired to fly the airplane
What inspections are not necessary for VFR?
Altimeter/Static VOR
For the 100 hour inspection what needs to be 100 hours?
Tachometer time not Hobbs Hobbs time works like a clock Tach time is working on RPM, the higher the rpm the faster the tach
any inspection is in tach time not Hobbs time
Can you over run a 100 hour inspection?
Yes 10 hours the purpose is nothing else but to take the plane back to a place to get the inspection done
How often is the annual required and whats the difference between 100 v annual?
12 calendar months Inspection authorization certification
Can you over run an annual? You’re now in Santa Barbara and you stayed a few extra days but now you came to the plane and saw the annual was expired what to do?
You request a special flight permit from the FSDO
If you request a Special flight permit from the FSDO, will they let you fly the airplane back with everyone onboard? Who can fly the plane back?
No. They will place special restrictions. They will tell you no passengers. Required crew members only. The owner can fly the plane back or a ferry pilot
VOR how often is it checked?
Every 30 days
The altimeter and pitot static system is checked how often? Do I require it?
Every 24 calendar months VFR flying not required
How often is a transponder checked? Do I require it?
24 calendar months It is required for me because I’m in the mode C veil
ELT inspection is how often?
ELT has two separate maintenance requirements: 1) Inspection: Every 12 calendar months inspection 2) Battery replacement: 50% battery life and 1 hour cumulative use is
How do I know the ELT is at 50% life?
When they replace the battery, the maintenance log will tell me when it expires There’s also a sticker on the ELT itself
In the beach cities planes, can we over run the 100 hour? If I’m in Santa Barbara and I realize that on my flight back i will over run the 100 hour and I rented the plane for fun.
Technically no, I do not need it because I’m not for hire. But can’t over run the 100 hour time window because we have the AD inspections at the same time as the 100 hour inspection so my AD’s will be overdue and the AD’s cannot be over run
How long is the airworthiness valid for?
As long as the airplane is kept airworthy, it is valid
What about the registration, how long is it valid for?
Valid until the expiration date on the registration itself 3-10 years.
What does the O on ARROW stand for? What regulation is this? Where can I find this?
91.9 Operating limitations - 2 places: Flight Manual Placards Markings
Name placards in the plane?
Maneuvering speed Near the fuel cap “20 gallons 100 LL”
What is a limitation that is shown in a marking?
The airspeed indicator
What if I go to the plane and I cant find the POH, its not in there, i have a generic 172 copy and put it in the plane, does this satisfy the requirement for the POH?
No- it needs to be the APPROVED flight manual. In order to be “approved” it has the approved signature in the POH You also cant take a photo copy we need the original one.
If I lost my POH what happens?
I’d go back to Cessna and request an approved flight manual. I can take my generic copy of the POH and verify the info that it is accurate to the current airplane, take the POH to an inspector who inspects every single thing and they sign it off.
What is an STC?
Supplemental Type Certificate: gives approval to use a non standard engine Issued when an applicant has received FAA approval to modify an aeronautical product from its original design. Approves not only the modification but also how that modification affects the original design.
Where is the legal document that says that the AD has been complied with?
It is in the airframe, engine, and propellor maintenance logs
What is an AD?
Airworthiness Directives (ADs) are legally enforceable regulations issued by the FAA to correct an unsafe condition in an aircraft, engine, propeller, or appliance. AD’s are mandatory. If you don’t comply you’re breaking federal law and the airplane is not airworthy.
What are the different types of AD’s that exist? What are the intervals
Urgent AD/Immediate: this needs to be taken care of right now Like the 737 Max Normal Airworthiness Directives may also have intervals: One-time AD: requires a one-time modification Recurring AD: requires a check or service to be performed on an ongoing basis at specific intervals N/A AD: a “not applicable AD,” but is still noted to show awareness of its existence
What is a situation the FAA wants to inform you about that is not regulatory/ as serious as an AD? What kind of document/thing would they issue?
SAIB Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins (SAIB): an information tool that alerts, educates, and makes recommendations to the aviation community. SAIBs contain non-regulatory information and guidance that does not meet the criteria for an Airworthiness Directive (AD).
What if the manufacturer wants to inform me of an issue that does not meet AD. Criteria?
They will issue a Service Bulletin: issued to aircraft owners/operators from the aircraft company SBs are sent out by the company to identify and correct hazards in order to maintain safety Service Bulletin compliance is not mandatory unless stated Often a precursor to an Airworthiness Directive (AD) and if the company issues it then its probably a smart idea
When you pre flight you find that the landing light does not turn on. It’s now 3pm and you’re leaving now but your plan is to come back at night. Can you go on this flight?
Start with 1) 91.213A MEL but we do not have one 2) 91.213D
What’s an MEL
List of equipment that can be inoperative during a particular type of flight
What is the order of the steps for 91.213d
1) TCDS- not on there - printed from FAA website
2) KOEL - states we refer to anything on part 91. KOEL is booked marked on my POH
3) Equipment List on POH - book marked on my POH
4) Regulations
5) AD’s Go through entire 5 steps even if the answer is on the first step
What is the KOEL?
For 6570, It’s on the POH Section 2 Kinds of Operation Limits which states that FAR part 91 establishes the minimum established instrumentation and equipment
What if during my pre-flight, the left nav light is inop? Can you go flying?
- 213 a MEL we don’t have one so go through 91.213d:
1) TCDS- not on there - printed from FAA website
2) KOEL - states we refer to anything on part 91. KOEL is booked marked on my POH
3) Equipment List on POH - book marked on my POH
4) Regulations - yes required for night
5) AD’s- not required Go through entire 5 steps even if the answer is on the first step
If nav light breaks during pre-flight, is there anything I can do to go flying at night?
I am able to perform preventative maintenance and replace myself Check on part 43 Appendix A, section C
When do you need to maintain VY for a climb?
Whenever I want to get the maximum altitude gain for a given amount of time. If I want to climb 1,000 feet within a shorter period of time we choose VY
When would it be better to maintain VX?
When I want the maximum altitude gain for a given distance. If I want to climb 1,000 feet within a shorter distance we choose VX.
When do I want to fly at maneuvering speed?
Maneuvering will allow the plane to stall before structural damage When I’m entering a maneuver When I’m in turbulance
What’s structural failure and structural damage
Think of a paper clip, if I bend it 50x i am causing structural damage, eventually it will break and I will be causing structural damage
Can I take a copy of the POH inside the airplane instead of the original?
No, it is not a legal document, it needs the FAA approved signature.
What weather conditions will make it the most difficult for us in terms of performance to leave out of Hawthorne?
There are three things that affect aircraft performance: Hot Humid Low Pressure
In high pressure do you have more or less air molecules?
More air molecules are at high pressure: Pressure decreases as you go up in altitude (remember lapse rate 1” mercury per 1,000 feet) Therefore the higher the pressure the more the less the altitude the more dense the air is The lower the pressure the higher the altitude, the less dense the air is.
What is high density altitude then?
A “high” density altitude means that air density is reduced, which has an adverse impact on aircraft performance. It is pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature
Why is performance reduced at high density altitude?
The air is less dense
1) Less air for my propeller to interact with
2) less air for my wings to interact with
3) less oxygen molecules for my fuel to air mixture less oxygen molecules for combustion- less RPM
What three things contribute to high density altitude?
Same things that impact performance:
High Temperature
High Humidity
Low pressure
What if my passenger miscalculated their baggage and they’re a pound heavier than max gross takeoff weight?
I should not, I will be causing structural damage to the airplane, I will be loaded outside my CG envelope, bad things can happen
Flight characteristics of forward CG?
More stable - more elevator authority. Distance from elevator and CG is more. Less control force to make a change \
Higher stalls peed = if CG is forward, nose is going down, It will take longer to rotate, aka at a higher speed, so I have a higher stall speed
Slower cruise speed = constantly pulling yoke up to stop plane from being nose down
Easier to stall = closer to the critical AOA because I’m constantly nose up
Easier to recover from stall = plane wants to naturally go nose down
Flight characteristics of an aft CG?
Less stable - less elevator authority. Distance from elevator and CG is less. Less control force to make a change
Lower stalls peed = if CG is aft, nose is going up, I will rotate sooner aka at a lower speed, so I have a lower stall speed
Faster cruise speed = constantly pushing yoke down to stop plane from being nose up
More difficult to stall = not as close to the critical AOA
Easier to recover from stall = plane wants to naturally nose up because its loaded aft CG
How do we get a suspiscion of carburetor icing?
We get a drop in RPM and a rough engine
What do we do if we suspect carb ice?
Add carb heat
How does Carb Heat work?
Turing on carb heat closes the air coming from the filter Air bypasses the air filter It opens a wall Takes warm air surrounding the engine Ice will melt
Why did I get carb ice if its hot outside?
Air in the Venturi throat of the carburetor is passing fast, which crates low pressure, and a drop in temperature, if the air is humid/damp the water molecules will freeze in the carb walls.
What happens after ice melts when adding carb heat?
I get a drop in RPM
Why do I get a drop in RPM after adding carb heat?
2 part answer:
1) ice turns to water and water is not combustible so as it goes through the cylinders it does not combust like fuel does
2) warm air is less dense and has less oxygen
What do we do with the mixture if we get carb ice?
We will lean the mixture We are adding more fuel to the mixture, our normal fuel to air ratio is 4:1 four parts oxygen one part fuel, we will drop our oxygen to 3:1 so we don’t want to increase the mixture, we want to stay as close as possible to the 4:1 ratio.
What are the conditions in the atmosphere for carb ice to happen?
carb ice can form when outside temperatures are as high as 100 degrees Fahrenheit with 50 percent relative humidity. 20-70 degrees Fahrenheit humidity from 80-100
What do i need to do to make the plane spin?
Utility category max take off and landing weight is 2,100 pound Section 2 POH bookmarked -
approved maneuvers: In the utility category baggage compartment and rear seat must be empty
How did we calculate Top of climb in our VFR nav log?
Look at POH Time fuel and distance to climb
We are not test pilots in a new airplane what can we do with our TOC calc?
Factor 10% to time and fuel and distance
How much fuel would I need to bring if my tanks are completely empty and the fuel guy asks me how much fuel do I need for this flight?
We will put in the amount we calculated on our flight plan plus 1 hour reserve, we do not have to put in the full tank.
We are going to our flight and are burning the fuel we calculated and have only enough fuel to go to our destination and one hour reserve. If ATC tells us the airport is closed, we will divert and we will not land with our reserve. Is that ok?
There’s no legal reserve to land there’s only a legal reserve to takeoff.
If ATC tells me we have to climb from 3500 to 5500 what does this do to our flight plan
We need to take our current calculations and subtract them from new calculations at 5500
How do we choose our cruise altitude?
1) Look at Flyaway Side of TAC
2) 91.159 VFR Cruising altitude
2) Favorable winds
3) Minimum safe altitude
4) Maximum Elevation Figure
Does performance increase with altitude?
It increases as we go up in altitude because true airspeed increases and we get there faster
What is the minimum safe altitude we can fly at?
- 119
a) Anywhere. An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.
(b) Over congested areas. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft.
(c) Over other than congested areas. An altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
What is the lowest we can fly over an obstacle measuring 1,551 feet over congested area?
It’s congested so it’d be 2551 feet
What’s the highest i can fly over the ocean?
0 feet if there’s no person or boat, if I see a vessel I’d have to be 500 feet above them
What are the tower operation hours at Brown Field Municipal Airport?
Look at AFD it says 1600z to 0400z so we will subtract 8 hours to convert to local time since we are in standard dime it is no longer daylight savings time. If it were daylight savings time we need to look at the ++ symbol which tells us to adjust by an hour for daylight savings
This would be 0800 to 2000 local time
The symbol ‡ indicates that during periods of Daylight Saving Time (DST) effective hours will be one hour earlier than shown. In those areas where daylight saving time is not observed the (–4DT) and ‡ will not be shown. Daylight saving time is in effect from 0200 local time the second Sunday in March to 0200 local time the first Sunday in November
What is the TPA at Brown ?
TPA is 1526 on rw 08L-26R and 1126 on rw 08R-26L
What is TPA in Long Beach?
Not listed so the noise abatement procedures will suggest the TPA.
What is the meaning of this airport “Objectionable”?
conflicting traffi c patterns with another airport, hazardous runway conditions, or natural or man-made obstacles in close proximity to the landing area.
What is this and what does the R stand for?
RESTRICTED OR PRIVATE -
(Soft surfaced runway, or hard
surfaced runway less than 1500’
in length.) Use only in emergen-
cy, or by specifi c authorization.
What is the meaning of “AOE” on this picture?
AOE is “airport of entry” bookmarked on my Chart Supplement
A customs Airport of Entry where permission from U.S. Customs is not required to land. However, at least one hour advance notice of arrival is required.
We can fly to any AOE
What do we do to cross the ADIZ?
Be on an IFR or DVFR flight plan “Defense” VFR
We will also need to land at any airport in the US but we need to make arrangements if the airport is not an AOE. If it does have an AOE then we just give one hour notice.
If i go to Mexico and come back to US can I land at brown field?
Brown field is not an AOE so i will need to make arrangements well in advance to land there.
Why is the Disneyland TFR always charted and others not?
That one and the Orlando Disneyworld TFR are permanent
What is this diamond symbol. Why do other stadiums not have this symbol?
It is a stadium and some stadiums do not have the symbol because it requires more than 30,000 seats
What is the airspace from the surface at Banning Airport?
From 2,222 to 3,422 it is Golf (adding 1,200 to field elevation)
3422-14,500MSL it is echo airspace
from 14,500MSL-18,000MSL it is still Echo
from 18,000-FL 600 it is A
Where does class E start in the United States? What if we have a mountain and we are at 10,000 MSL? What if we are at the peak of the mountain at 14,000 feet MSL?
Echo starts at 1,200 feet AGL NOT MSL!! Unless stated otherwise
if we have a mountain and the top of the mountain is 10,000 ft MSL, class E starts at 11,200 MLS
14,500 MSL class E at the peak of the mountain
Whichever is lower 14,500 MSL or 1,200 AGL is where Class E starts
What is the airspace at Big Bear from the surface?
From 6752-7452MSL its is Golf
From 7452-18,000 MSL it is E
from 18,000MSL to FL 600 it is A
What is the airspace from the surface at Corona Airport?
From 533 feet MSL - 1,233 MSL it is Golf (adding 700 feet, it is inside fuzzy magenta surrounding SoCal)
From 1,233 MSL - 2699 MSL it is Echo
From 2700-5,000 MSL it is C
From 5,000 MSL-18,000 MSL it is E
From 18,000 above it is Class A
What is the airspace from the surface at KCPM?
Surface to 799 feet MSL it is Golf
From 799 feet to 4999 MSL it is Echo
From 5000-10,000 MSL it is Bravo
From 10,000 MSL to 18,000 IT is Echo
From 18,000 MSL to FL 600 it is A
What is the airspace from the surface at Hayward CA?
From the surface to 1,499 feet it is Delta
From 1,500 MSL - “T” which means “from the surface to the base of the Class B” 3,999 it is C airspace
From 4,000-10,000 MSL it is B
From 10,000-17,999 it is E
From 18,000-FL600 it is A
What airspace are we in on the surface of Agua Dulce?
From the surface to 3,860 MSL we are in Golf (2660+1,200)
From 3,860- 18,000 MSL E
From 18,000 MSL to FL 600 A
What is the airspace we are in from the surface at Chochran municipal airport?
From minus 115MSL - 585MSL
From 585MSL-3499MSL is Echo
From 3500 MSL - 10,000MSL it is TRSA
From 10,000 to 18,000 it is Echo
From 18,000MSL - FL 600 it is A
Describe the airspace from the surface at Compton airport
From 99’MSL - 799 MSL it is golf
From 799’MSL - 4,999MSL it is Echo
From 5,000 MSL - 10,000 MSL it is Bravo
From 10,000-17,999 MSL it is Echo
From 18,000 - FL 600 it is A
If you’re flying in LAX SFRA what cloud clearance and visibility requirements do we need? What’s my speed limit?
SFRA Is NOT a transition route, SFRA modifies airspace
It is just a special flight rules, it is class Bravo no clearance is required because they modified this.
Speed Limits in B is 250 kts but in this SFRA its 140 kts
we need 3 sm visibility and CC (in a VFR Corridor like San Diego we need class E vis/cc)
LAX has NO VFR CORRIDORS! We have VFR transition Routes and we have a SFRA
What airspace is the San Diego VFR Corridor? What visibility and cloud clearance requirements do we need?
It is in Echo
3 statute miles visibility 1,000 feet above, 500 feet below and 2,000 feet horizontally
It is different from SFRA which is “modified” class B and the LAX Routes which are simply class B. This is a corridor which is Echo
If I fly the Hollywood park route, what airspace am I in? What cloud coverage and visibility requirements do I need?
We are still in Bravo. All these routes are Bravo transition routes, you need clearance,
we need 3 SM and clear of clouds
What is hypoxia?
Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body which impairs functions of the brain and other organs.
Where does hypoxia usually occur, and what symptoms should one expect?
From 12,000 feet to 15,000 feet of altitude,
headache
drowsiness
dizziness
sense of well-being or belligerence
cyanosis
Effects are worse above 15,000 feet.
What do i do if my passenger is experiencing hypoxia?
Land. Tell ATC that a passenger is displaying symptoms and that we want to land.
If there’s oxygen then use supplemental oxygen
What are the different types of hypoxia?
- Hypoxic: caused by high altitude. Need to descend
- Hypemic: think “Hypemic/Anemic” anemia blood, inability to carry oxygen/Carbon monoxide poisoning. Land
- Stagnant: think “crossing legs” your blood is stagnant, pulling high G’s, tight clothes. Loosen clothes
- Hystotoxic: drinking alcohol, drugs
What are the regulations regarding oxygen?
- Between 12,500msl ft to 14,000msl ft cabin pressure altitude required crew members must have oxygen if flying for more than 30 minutes
- 14,000-15,000 MSL cabin pressure altitude all required crew members must be on oxygen the entire time
- 15,000 MSL cabin pressure altitude and above you must provide passengers with supplemental oxygen
What is carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide is insidious colorless and odorless fume that in our situation in an airplane it can be caused by an exhaust leak
symptoms are similar to hypoxia
Why are we more suseptible to carbon monoxide poisoning in our 172
Our cabin heat comes from the heat generated from our hot exhaust pipe. Air in a shroud surrounding the exhaust pipe gets warm and if there’s a leak in the exhaust pipe we can have carbon monoxide in our cockpit
What do I do if I suspect someone has Carbon Monoxide poisoning?
Turn off cabin heat
open windows
land
use supplemental oxygen
Tell me about hyperventilation
Too little carbon dioxide
light-headedness, suffocation, drowsiness, tingling in the extremities, and coolness
Incapacitation can eventually result from uncoordination, disorientation, and painful muscle spasms. Finally, unconsciousness can occur.
Sing, breathe into a paper bag
Can you tell me about alcohol and drugs, how much can you consume? Haha
- BAC of .04% or less
- no alcohol 8 hours before flying
- can’t be under the influence aka hungover
- No drugs/Tylenol/NyQuil anything that can impair the safe operation of a flight. Look up on AOPA website and best rule of thumb if it says “don’t operate heavy machinery” then don’t operate heavy machinery.
Discuss the effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba diving upon a pilot or passenger in flight. (AIM 8‑1‑2)
A pilot or passenger who intends to fly after scuba diving should allow the body sufficient time to rid itself of excess nitrogen absorbed during diving. If not, decompression sickness due to evolved gas can occur during exposure to low altitude and create a serious inflight emergency. The recommended waiting times before flight are as follows:
Flight altitudes up to 8,000 feet:
- Wait at least 12 hours after diving which has not required a controlled ascent.
- Wait at least 24 hours after diving which has required controlled ascent.
Flight altitudes above 8,000 feet:
• Wait at least 24 hours after any scuba dive.
Note: The recommended altitudes are actual flight altitudes above mean sea level and not pressurized cabin altitudes. This takes into consideration the risk of decompression of the aircraft during flight.
What happens to effects of drugs/alcohol if you’re flying?
There’s less oxygen for my brain to work normally so the effects of drugs/alcohol are more pronounced.
Why is .04% allowed and not .0?
Some medications have chemical alcohol for them to work so there may be alcohol content in the blood.
Describe our electrical system
28 volt direct current electrical system
24 volt lead acid battery
60 amp alternator
Power is supplied to circuits through the main bus bar and avionics bus bar which are interconnected by an avionics power switch.
Avionics switch should be off before turning on engine or applying external power source to prevent damage to avionics equipment
How many volts is the alternator?
It’s 28 volt 60 amp alternator
Describe the Oil System
Wet Sump System- oil is located in tank at base of engine
Oil is supplied from a sump on the bottom of the engine
Capacity: 7 quarts
Describe how oil flows in the 172
Sump
Strainer
Oil Pump
Bypass Valve
Cooler
Pressure relief valve
Filter
Circulation
Describe the carburetor system
Controls fuel to air mixture
Up-draft, float type, fixed jet carburetor mounted on the bottom of the engine.
How does the carburetor work?
Fuel arrives at the carburetor and sits in the float chamber
Air passes through the Venturi at high velocity causing a decrease in pressure
A fuel discharge nozzle located in the area of low pressure releases fuel from reservoir
Fuel is mixed with the air
What is a primer, how does it work?
A small pump which draws fuel from the fuel strainer when the plunger is pulled out and injects it into the cylinder intake ports when the plunger is pushed back in. Plunger must be locked after use.
Describe the propeller
Two-bladed, fixed pitch, one-piece, forged aluminum alloy propeller which is ionized to retard corrosion it is 75” in diameter
Describe the fuel system and fuel flow
Gravity fed fuel system two tanks 43 total 40 usable
Fuel Tank
Fuel selector
Fuel strainer
Carburetor
Intake manifold
Cylinders
Describe the break system
Single disk hydraulically actuated break on each main landing gear wheel.
Each break is connected by a hydraulic line to a master cylinder attached to each of the pilots rudder pedals.
The breaks are operated by applying pressure to the top of either left or right set of rudder pedals
What are the brains of the alternator?
The alternator control unit its a computer. It measures out how many volts is going through it. If its less than 23.5 volts, the alternator starts charging the battery. If its more than 24.5 volts the alternator control unit is going to turn the alternator off.
What is the low voltage light? What do we do if we see it?
It is connected to the battery as soon as we’re at 23.5 the light comes on for a micro second and the alternator comes back on and charges battery. If alternator goes offline the alternator light will stay on.
If we see low voltage light, we will pull out our low voltage checklist
What is the purpose of the alternator?
The sole purpose for a 172 is to charge my battery. Remember that the alternator does not power ANYTHING its sole purpose is to charge the battery. All electrical stuff runs ONLY on our battery. Nothing else
Why is the alternator 28 volts and the battery 24 volts?
So that the battery can charge
Think of our bank account if I have a $24 monthly rent payment due and I have a $24 monthly paycheck then the balance will always be 0.
If I get paid $28/mo and my rent is $24/ mo then i will have $4 leftover. Then I will no longer have a pass through, I will get to save 4 volts at some point
What would i do if i see a red low voltage light
Go through checklist in POH (not the other checklist)
How do I identify that I have an electrical failure
Low voltage light
ammeter charging the whole time - battery can explode
ammeter under charging - battery not charging at all
If i have an alternator failure how long will I have electrical power?
About 15 minutes but I still need to go through checklist and turn off non-essentials.
Why does my engine keep going if my alternator dies?
Yes my engine is powere by my magnetos which are powered off the engine turning itself the engine turning the cylinders move and turns the crankshaft and moves the prop and at the back is the accessory housing and its geared to the magnetos.
What powers the flaps on our plane?
Electrical power from the flap motor in the right wing
Purpose of oil
- Lubricate
- cool
- clean
- sealing (cylinders/piston wall)
Is our oil system pressurized?
We have an oil pressure guague so our oil system is pressurized. All oil systems have to pressurized when the engine turns on. What pressurizes it is the oil circulating pump. Otherwise we have no flow.
What if the oil pressure guague is low? What do we do?
This means that we are running low on oil. We want to land immediately
if temp keeps increasing then we might have a leak and we will shut down the engine
Describe the elements of the pitot static system
We have a static port reading the ambient airpressure. Vertical speed indicator, airspeed indicator, and altimeter
we have a pitot tube receiving ram air pressure: Airspeed indicator works with differential pressure reads difference from static and pitot measurements. If I’m blowing into a straw at the end of the straw we have low pressure
I haven’t started anything up and my VSI is showing all the way down. Altimeter works, within 75 feet. VSI is all the way down. What do I do? I open up the alternate static source and its still doesn’t fix anything. What to do?
VSI is not required. We can continue to our destination or divert its our choice. As a newer pilot I would divert. Also our airspeed indicator might be broken too
What kind of de-icing or anti icing systems do we have in our plane?
Anti Icing: Pitot heat
De-Icing: Carb Heat, Pitot Heat
Pitot heat is both
Is our plane certified into icing conditions? What limitations do we have for that?
We look for it in the POH: Flight into known icing conditions is prohibited
other POH’s say flight into icing conditions is prohibited
Flight into icing means that if we have an airmet Zulu, flight into known icing conditions mans we cannot go there because we have an airmet. If we have a flight into icing conditions limitations we can still fly with this airmet but once we encounter ice, we go away from it.
Thunderstorms come with ice so we cannot fly our cessna in thunderstorms.
How big are the fuel tanks
43 total and 40 usable so 21.5 each tank and 20 usable.
Where is the unusable fuel
In the ribs of the fuel tanks
in the fuel lines and fuel strainer
What prevents fuel tanks from collapsing if they become vacuums
Our fuel tanks are vented
left tank has a vent in the bottom near the strut
the right one has a vent in the cap
When i take my control wheel and move the aileron to the left, what direction does it go? What about if I move the control wheel to the right?
Moving control to left: left aileron up
Moving control wheel right: right aileron up
If i pull the control wheel what happens?
My elevator goes up
Flying along, just leveled off at 5,500 and i feel i have to hold level pitch so I’m pulling up, what do I do?
Move trim wheel downward
Which way does the Trim tab move if I’m rolling forward and my nose is going down
The trim tab is up
The rudder trim tab if we need it, I’m an A&P and I’m adjusting it cause i have to hold a lot of right rudder, which way do I adjust the rudder trim tab?
Left
Are winds recorded in true or magnetic?
Winds Aloft: true because anything used in planning stage is off True because our charts are created with true north
anything used in in-flight stage is magnetic, ATIS is mag
When nav planning and i use surface winds what do I do?
I’d have to conver to true north and add 12 degrees otherwise it wont work,
Cloud heights are in what altitude?
AGL.
What are the different types of Airmets?
- Tango- Moderate Turbulance
- Zulu - Moderate Icing and freezing levels
- Sierra - Mountain obscurantism and IFR
What is a Sigment
NO thunderstorms. Think of all airmet conditions but the “severe” side of it.
- Severe Turbulance
- Severe Icing
- Low Level Windshear
- Sustained winds exceeding 50 NM
- Volcanic ash, sand storm, dust storm (think what “severe” IFR could mean)
What’s a convective sigmet?
- Line of thunderstorms at least 60 miles long with thunderstorms affecting 40% of its length.
- Area of thunderstorms covering at least 40% of the area concerned and exhibiting a very strong radar reflectivity or a significant satellite or lightning signature.
- Embedded or severe thunderstorms expected to occur for more than 30 minutes.
What if there’s a forecasted thunderstorm that doesn’t meet convective segment criteria? Does the national weather service want me to know about it? How do they tell me?
Center weather advisory or Convective outlook
The CWA is an aviation weather warning for conditions meeting or approaching national in-flight advisory (AIRMET, SIGMET or SIGMET for convection) criteria. The CWA is primarily used by air crews to anticipate and avoid adverse weather conditions in the en route and terminal environments. It is not a flight planning product because of its short lead time and duration
Would i fly in an airmet?
I look around and decide sometimes we get airmet Sierra and I’m not flying anywhere near the mountains or IFR weather.
What are the ways that I can get wind shear report?
As needed in an
METAR
AIRMET
PIREP
What does the H and the L mean?
High pressure
Low pressure
What is surface analysis chart?
The surface analysis chart is a computer-generated chart, with frontal analysis, transmitted every 3 hours covering the contiguous 48 states and adjacent areas
Movement of air in high pressure?
OCD
Outward
Clockwise
Downward
Movement of air in low pressure area
ICU
Inward
Counterclockwise
Upward
What are the orange dots in this Surface analysis chart?
Trough
What are the blue barbs and red barbs?
Cold front
warm front
What is this blue and red together on the low level chart?
Stationary front
What are these faded grey lines? What happens when they’re close together or far apart?
Those are isobars
Close isobars - stronger wind
distant isobars - wind is less strong
What are these numbers here?
That is the pressure in millibars 1013.2 is standard
If i look at a METAR and i see that temp is 12 and dew point is 11 what kind of weather can I expect?
Fog
Flying to Compton from somewhere else, how do I get forecast weather?
Aviation weather . Gov to the GFA tool to get forecast weather info
How do I get forecast weather for Hawthorne?
We look at the LAX TAF. The TAF is valid for 5 nautical miles from the airport so we can use the LAX TAF for HHR
What’s HHR airspace in from the surface?
From 66’ to 2,500 MSL it is in Delta
from 2,500msl to 4,599 MSL it is Echo
From 5,000 MSL to 10,000 MSL it is Bravo
From 10,000 MSL to 17,999 MSL it is Echo
from 18,000 MSL to FL 160 its A
Why does LAX have some delta airspace?
You talk to LAX tower to get into these delta
If the airspace were echo instead we need cloud clearance and vis of 3 statute miles 1,000 feet above, 500 below, and 2,000 horizontally
if we didn’t have this a missed approach will require to level off to 2,000, we need this delta to prevent the missed approaches to climb into SFRA or Flight Rules areas
What’s the airspace from the surface at Chino Airport?
From the surface up to but not including 2,700 feet MSL its in Delta
From 2,700 feet MSL to 5,000 MSL its in Charlie
From 5,000 feet MSL to 18,000 MSL its in Echo
18,000 - FL 600 its A
On twenty nine palms, what airspace am I in from the surface?
From the surface to 2,588 MSL I’m in Golf
From 2,588 MSL to 18,000 msl
18,000 to FL 600 A
On Yucca Valley what airspace am I in from the surface?
From 3224 MSL - 4424 MSL its Golf
From 4424 MSL - 18,000 MSL its E
then Alpha
What airspace is Catalina in from the surface?
From the surface to 2,303’ MSL it is Golf (add 700 feet to field elevation)
From 2,303’ to 18,000’ MSL its Echo
From 18,000’ MSL to FL 600 its A
What if I takeoff from Cataliana? What are the weather minimums? As soon as I liftoff.
Regardless of what airspace I am in we still have VFR minimum basic weather which is 1,000 foot ceiling and 3 miles visibility
If I do not have 1,000 foot ceiling and 3 miles visibility I cannot takeoff because I do not have an instrument rating regardless of Delta, Charlie, Golf.
The second my plane lifts off the ground, I am now flying so now I am in golf 1 mile visibility and clear of clouds the second I rotate.
I am in Catalina and I’m at 2,000 ft MSL, my altimeter reads 2,000 feet, can I legally fly at that altitude?
Yes at 2,000 feet I am still in Golf airspace
I’m at 5,500 feet from Emmy and Eva heading to Dana Point, what could clearance would I need?
I would be very close to victor airway V-25 and will be in Echo airspace which puts me at 1,000 feet above 500 feet below, 2,000 feet horizontally and 3 miles visibility
What if John Wayne reports IFR with 10 miles visibility, no problem with visibility, but ceilings are 800’ and because of this the airport is reporting IFR but I’m flying above and i can see the cloud layer below, can I fly over john Wayne at 4,000 feet above?
As long as I’m 1,000 feet above it I can fly through the airspace. Doesn’t matter what the airport is reporting, they are reporting the conditions for me to take off but I’m already above at 4,000 feet to fly the minute I’m a foot above the ground it becomes a completely different set of rules.
What airspace am i in on Los Alamitos?
From the surface to 2,499 i am in delta
from 2,500 - either 5,000 or 6,000 i am in echo
then 5,000 or 6,000 to 10,000 i am in bravo
etc
What is load factor? (Missed knowledge test question)
Lift divided by weight.
Load factor is measured in Gs. So if your load factor in a turn is 2 Gs, you feel twice as heavy as you really are (and your arms want to flop down to your seat).
What is restricted airspace? Missed knowledge test question
Restricted areas contain airspace identified by an area on the surface of the earth within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restrictions. Watch king schools videos
What if the 100 hour was not done, can we fly on the checkride?
It is likely that the AD’s are inspected with our 100 hour so its likely that we cannot fly because we cannot over-fly AD’s
Speed limits
below 10,000 feet
below 2,500 class C/D
Underlying Class B
91.117
Speed Limits Below 10,000’ = 250 knots
Below 2,500’ Class C/D = 200 knots
Underlying Class B 200 knots
What are our special use airspace?
T TFR
T TRSA
M MOA
C Controlled Firing
P Prohibited
R Restricted
A Alert
W Warning
N NSA
Weather/visibility minimums Class B, C, D, E, G
See attached :)
How do we convert from Zulu to Local here in Los Angeles?
UTC–8
–7DT
What are the hazardous attitudes and the antidote?
What are the ATC Light gun signals in the ground and in the air?
See attached :)
What is a category of aircraft with respect to certification of Airmen?
Balloon
Glider
Airplane
Rotorcraft
Gyro
What is class with respect to the certification of airmen?
“single-engine” or “multi-engine.”
What is included in a weather briefing?
- Adverse conditions
- VFR flight not reccomended
- Synopsis
- current conditions
- En route Forecast
- Destination Forecast
- Winds Alof
- NOTAMS
What’s a microburst?
A microburst is an intense small-scale downdraft produced by a thunderstorm or rain shower
What is upslope fog
Upslope fog forms as a result of moist, stable air being cooled as it moves up sloping terrain.
What are the three stages of a thunderstorm?
Cumulus stage — Updrafts cause raindrops to increase in size.
Mature stage — Rain at earth’s surface; it falls through or immediately beside the updrafts; lightning; perhaps roll clouds.
Dissipating stage — Downdrafts and rain begin to dissipate.
What is a “ridge”?
A ridge (also called a ridge line) is an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure. Air moving out of a high or ridge depletes the quantity of air; therefore, these are areas of descending air. Descending air favors dissipation of cloudiness; hence the association of high pressure and good weather.
What factors must be present for a thunderstorm to form? (AC 00‑6)
a. Sufficient water vapor
b. An unstable lapse rate
c. An initial upward boost (lifting) to start the storm process in motion
Name several types of fog.
a. Radiation fog
b. Advection fog
c. Upslope fog
d. Frontal fog or precipitation-induced fog
e. Steam fog
What is advection fog, and where is it most likely to form
Advection fog results from the transport of warm humid air over a cold surface.
A pilot can expect advection fog to form primarily along coastal areas during the winter.
What is a “trough”?
Long area of low pressure, rising air, causing cloudiness and precipitation, usually associated with bad weather
State two basic ways that fog may form.
Cooling air to the dew point
Adding moisture to the air near the ground
Describe the different types of fronts
Cold front—occurs when a mass of cold, dense, and stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air.
Occluded front—A frontal occlusion occurs when a fast-moving cold front catches up with a slow-moving warm front. Two types: cold front occlusion and warm front occlusion.
Warm front—The boundary area formed when a warm air mass contacts and flows over a colder air mass.
Stationery front—stationary front forms when a cold front or warm front stops moving. This happens when two masses of air are pushing against each other but neither is powerful enough to move the other.
Name the main types of icing an aircraft may encounter in-flight.
Structural, induction system, and instrument icing.
If your route of flight takes you towards a low-pressure system, in general, what kind of weather can you expect? What if you were flying towards a high-pressure system?
A low-pressure system is characterized bad weather.
A high-pressure system is an area of good weather.
What causes radiation fog to form?
The ground cools the adjacent air to the dew point on calm, clear nights.
What is the primary means of obtaining a weather briefing?
I like to call the weather briefer at 1800 - WX - BRIEF FSS, is the primary source for obtaining preflight briefings and inflight weather information
Explain the difference between a stable atmosphere and an unstable atmosphere. Why is the stability of the atmosphere important?
Stable air means that the weather is likely to be calm. It may rain or snow slowly and steadily, it may be sunny, but the weather will not change quickly.
Unstable air means that the weather might change quickly with very little warning. Unstable air leads to sudden thunderstorms.
What are the general characteristics of the weather a pilot would encounter when operating near a cold front? A warm front?
Cold Front—cumulus or cumulonimbus, heavy rain accompanied by lightning, thunder and/or hail; tornadoes possible; during passage, poor visibility, winds variable and gusting; temperature/dew point and barometric pressure drop rapidly.
Warm Front—stratiform clouds, drizzle, low ceilings and poor visibility; variable winds; rise in temperature.
What types of weather information will you examine to determine if wind shear conditions might affect your flight? (AC 00-54)
TAF
METAR
SIGMET
PIREP
True Course and Magnetic Course
True Course - The aircraft’s course over the ground relative to true north. True course is measured with a navigation plotter and a sectional map.
Magnetic Course - True course corrected for magnetic variation.
True North and Magnetic North
True North - The geographic north pole is located at the northernmost point. True north is not the same location as magnetic north, due to the rotation of the earth in relation to the earth’s magnetic field.
Magnetic North - The northern location where the Earth’s magnetic force has the most downward pull. If you were to stand on magnetic north, a magnetic compass would point straight down. Magnetic north varies due to shifts in the Earth’s core and is at a different location than true north.
What’s true airspeed?
True Airspeed (TAS) - The actual speed relative to the surrounding air. True airspeed is calibrated airspeed corrected for nonstandard pressure and temperature. You can determine the aircraft’s true airspeed with a flight computer.
What’s ground speed?
Groundspeed (GS) - The actual speed of the airplane passing over the ground. Groundspeed is true airspeed corrected for wind. You can find the aircraft ground speed by calculating it with a flight computer.
What’s indicated airspeed?
Indicated Airspeed (IAS) - The airspeed read directly from the airspeed indicator.
What’s calibrated airspeed?
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) - Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument or position inaccuracies. The calibrated airspeed can be found in the pilot operating handbook or on the airspeed indicator.
Best Glide at 6,000 feet?
See attached :)
What are the scuba diving limitations?
For non-controlled ascent wait 12 hours to 8,000 feet
For controlled ascent or flights above 8,000 feet wait at least 24 hours
What is this for and what does it do?
Ground service receptacle plug, permits the use of an external power source for cold weather starting and during lengthy maintenance work on the electrical equipment.
Which document needs to be visible in the cockpit?
Airworthiness not the regististraion
