Performance And Limitations Flashcards
what oil grade is required - Double Check with Instructor
MIL-L-22851 Ashless Dispersant Oil
Is the landing gear fixed, manual, hydraulic or electric? If retractable, what is the backup system for lowering the gear? ________________ ________________
we have a tricycle type landing gear with a steerable nose wheel and two main wheels. Shock absorption is provided by the tubular spring steel main landing gear struts and the air oil nose gear shock strut.
How does temperature, altitude, and humidity affect density altitude? (FAA‑P‑8740‑2) Show Answer
a. Density altitude will increase (low air density) when one or more of the following occurs:
- High air temperature
- High altitude
- High humidity
b. Density altitude will decrease (high air density) when one or more of the following occurs:
- Low air temperature
- Low altitude
- Low humidity
How does weight affect takeoff and landing performance? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
H-DSL
Higher liftoff speed
Drag and ground friction
Slow acceleration
Longer takeoff distance
What is a “relative wind”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
The relative wind is the direction of the airflow with respect to the wing.
What is a “spin”? (AC 61‑67)
an uncoordinated stall
What factors affect air density? (FAA‑P‑8740‑2)
Altitude — the higher the altitude, the less dense the air.
Temperature — the warmer the air, the less dense it is.
Humidity — more humid air is less dense.
What is the “angle of incidence”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
The angle of incidence is the angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the airplane and the chord of the wing.
It is measured by the angle at which the wing is attached to the fuselage.
What is the stall speed in the clean configuration? _____________
Vso is 40 KIAS
What are the different operational categories for aircraft and within which category does your aircraft fall? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Normal
Utility (mild aerobatics including spins)
Aerobatic
describe the fuel venting system
theres an interconnecting line from the right tank to the left, The left tank is vented through a vent line and check valve protruding from the left wing near the strut. The right fuel tank filler cap is also vented
What is maneuvering speed? _____________
1750 lbs= 85 k
2150lbs= 95K at
2550 = 105K
What causes a spin? (AC 61‑67)
The primary cause of an inadvertent spin is exceeding the critical angle of attack while applying excessive or insufficient rudder, and to a lesser extent, aileron.
Discuss the effect on maneuvering speed of an increase or decrease in weight. (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Hide Answer
Maneuvering speed increases with an increase in weight and decreases with a decrease in weight.
Define useful load
Useful load — The weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel and drainable oil.
whats the fuel capacity for the c172P?
43 total 40 usable 3 unusable
Define Arm
Arm — The horizontal distance in inches from the reference datum line to the center of gravity of the item.
How does air density affect aircraft performance? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
The density of the air has a direct effect on:
Lift produced by the wings
Power output of the engine
Propeller efficiency
Drag forces
What engine-out glide speed will give you maximum range? _____________
Vg = 68 kias
What is Datum?
Datum — An imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken. Established by the manufacturer.
Define “loss-of-control-inflight” (LOC-I) and describe several situations that might increase the risk of an LOC-I accident occurring. (FAA-H-8083-3) Hide Answer
a significant deviation of an aircraft from the intended flight path
Maneuvering is the most common phase of flight for LOC-I accidents to occur; however, LOC-I accidents occur in all phases of flight.
DEPU
Distraction
Equipment malfunctions
Poor Risk Managment
Uncoordinated flight
What is “Bernoulli’s Principle”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Bernoulli’s Principle — As the wing moves through the air, the flow of air across the curved top surface increases in velocity creating a low pressure area. The air beneath the wing is higher pressure. Since high pressure always moves toward low pressure, the air below the wing pushes upward toward the air above the wing
What are the nosewheel turning limitations for your aircraft? _____________________________________________________
the maximum turning radius of the airplane is 27’ 5 1/2”
what type of stall system does the C172 have?
pneumatic type stall warning system consisting of an inlet in the leading edge of the left wing, an air operated horn near the upper left corner of the windshield.
The low pressure on the upper surface of the wings moves forward and gets sucked in through the horn.
Oil capacity and minimum requirement - double check with instructor
Sump: 7 quarts Total: 8 quarts one quart is contained in the filter
What effect does wind have on aircraft performance? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Takeoff — Headwind increases performance. Tailwind decreases aircraft performance
Landing — Same as takeoff
Cruise flight — Winds aloft have somewhat an opposite effect on airplane performance. A headwind will decrease performance by. A tailwind will increase performance by increasing the ground speed
For what two reasons is load factor important to pilots? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
a. Because of the obviously dangerous overload that it is possible for a pilot to impose on the aircraft structure.
b. Because an increased load factor increases the stalling speed and makes stalls possible at seemingly safe flight speeds.
What effect does an increase in load factor have on stalling speed? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
As load factor increases, stalling speed increases.
Best Rate of climb speed
VY is 74 kts
What causes an airplane to stall? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Exceeding the critical angle of attack.
Each airplane has a particular angle of attack where the airflow separates from the upper surface of the wing and the stall occurs.
What is the maximum flap extension speed? _____________
10 degrees = below 110 kts 20-30 degrees = below 85 kts
What is the max demonstrated crosswind component?
15 knots
What is the normal approach-to-land speed? _____________
65 kias
What is “centrifugal force”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Centrifugal force is the “equal and opposite reaction” of the airplane to the change in direction, and it acts “equal and opposite” to the horizontal component of lift.
What is your maximum allowable useful load? _____________
ask instructor
Maximum Certificated Weights Takeoff and Landing Normal and Utility
Takeoff Normal - 2550
Takeoff Utility - 2100
Landing Normal - 2550
Landing Utility - 2100
What basic equation is used in all weight and balance problems to find the center of gravity location of an airplane and/or its components? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Remember: W A M (Weight x Arm = Moment)
What effect does a rearward center of gravity have on an aircraft’s flight characteristics? (FAA‑H‑8083‑1)
Lower stall speed — less wing loading.
Higher cruise speed — reduced drag; smaller angle of attack is required to maintain altitude.
Less stable — stall and spin recovery more difficult; the center of gravity is closer to the center of pressure, causing longitudinal instability.
What factors affect the performance of an aircraft during takeoffs and landings? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
WASUR
Weight
Air density (density altitude)
Surface wind
Upslope or downslope of runway
Runway surface
Describe the engine - double check with instructor
LHAND
L ycoming
H orizontally Opposed
A ir cooled
N ormally aspirated
D irect drive 280hp 2700 rpm
What takeoff distance is required if a takeoff were made from a sea-level pressure altitude? _____________
The takeoff distance chart should be consulted keeping in mind that the distances shown are based on the short field technique
describe ignition system double check with instructor
Dual ignition system - engine ignition is provided by two engine driven magnetos and two spark plugs in each cylinder.
Starter - Flywheel - Crankshaft - Magnetos - Spark Plugs - Cylinder
What causes “adverse yaw”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Occurs when an airplane banks its wings for a turn. The increased lift of the raised wing is associated with increased drag, which causes the airplane to yaw toward the side of the raised wing
Defined as the tendency of an airplane to yaw in the opposite direction of the turn
What information can you obtain from the following charts? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Takeoff charts
Fuel, time, and distance-to-climb chart
Cruise and range performance chart
Takeoff charts — takeoff distance of the airplane with no flaps or with a specific flap configuration. You can also compute distances for a no flap or flap takeoff over a 50-foot obstacle
Fuel, time, and distance-to-climb chart — The fuel amount used during the climb, the time it will take to accomplish the climb, and the ground distance that will be covered during the climb.
Cruise and range performance chart — True airspeed, fuel consumption, endurance in hours, and range in miles at specific cruise configurations.
Crosswind and headwind component chart — The headwind and crosswind component for any given wind direction and velocity.
Landing charts — Normal landing distance as well as landing distance over a 50-foot obstacle.
Stall speed performance charts — Give an understanding of the speed at which the airplane will stall in a given configuration.
What is “torque effect”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
As the internal engine parts and the propeller are revolving in one direction, an equal force is trying to rotate the airplane in the opposite direction.
It is greatest when at low airspeeds with high power settings and a high angle of attack
Define the term “maneuvering speed.” (FAA-H-8083-25, SAIB CE-11-17) Hide Answer
· Remember, maneuvering speed is defined as the highest speed at which full deflection of the controls about any one axis are guaranteed not to overstress the airframe.
What are some of the main elements of aircraft performance? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
a. Takeoff and landing distance b. Rate of climb c. Ceiling d. Payload e. Range f. Speed g. Fuel economy h. Maneuverability i. Stability
describe propeller
two blade, fixed pitch, one piece forged aluminum alloy propeller which is anodized to retard corrosion. 75” diameter
What procedure should be used to recover from an inadvertent spin? (AC 61‑67) Show Answer
Remember: P A R E
P ower—reduce to idle
A ilerons—position to neutral
R udder—apply full opposite against rotation
E levator—apply positive, forward of neutral, movement to break stall Once the spin rotation stops, neutralize the rudder and begin applying back pressure to return to level flight.
What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when an aircraft has been overloaded? (FAA‑H‑8083‑1) Show Answer
Longer takeoff run
Longer landing roll
Reduced maximum altitude
Reduced cruising speed
Reduced maneuverability
Reduced rate and angle of climb
Higher stalling speed
Higher landing speed
Higher takeoff speed
Excessive weight on the nosewheel
Shorter range
What flight condition will result in the sum of the opposing forces being equal? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
In steady-state, straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight, the sum of the opposing forces is equal to zero. extra: There can be no unbalanced forces in steady, straight flight (Newton’s Third Law). This is true whether flying level or when climbing or descending. It does not mean the four forces are equal. It means the opposing forces are equal to, and thereby cancel the effects of each other.
What is red-line speed? ____________
Vne = 163 kias
What is center of gravity?
Center of gravity — The point about which an aircraft would balance if it were possible to suspend it at that point. Expressed in inches from datum.
Define the term “density altitude.” (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.
What is the octane rating of the fuel used by your aircraft? _____________
100 LL aviation grade fuel blue
100 aviation grade fuel green
What is the stall speed in the normal landing configuration? _____________
VS is 48 Kias
What is the maximum allowable weight the aircraft can carry with baggage in the baggage compartment? _____________
max 120 lbs combined for baggage 1 and 2
What is “load factor”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
It is the load supported by the wings divided by the total weight of the airplane.
How does fuel Flow on the C172 P
1) Fuel flows by gravity from the two wing tanks
2) then the fue selector valve
3) Then it flows through a strainer
4) flows to the carburetor
5) the mixed fuel and air then flows to the cylinders through intake manifold tubes
6) The manual primer draws its fuel from the fuel strainer and injects it into the cylinder intake ports
What major problems can be caused by ground effect? (FAA‑H‑8083‑3)
During landing, any excess speed during the landing phase may result in a significant float distance. In such cases, if care is not exercised by the pilot, he/she may run out of runway and options at the same time. During takeoff, due to the reduced drag in ground effect, the aircraft may seem capable of takeoff well below the recommended speed and will settle back down to the runway
Define moment
The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm. Moments are expressed in pound-inches (lb-in). Total moment is the weight of the airplane multiplied by the distance between the datum and the CG.
What is an airfoil? State some examples. (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
It’s the cross sectional shape of a wing, blade, or sail. Wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tail surfaces, and propellers are examples of airfoils.
When are spins most likely to occur? (AC 61‑67)
SOG
Stretching your glide
Overshooting Final
Go-around
How many people will this aircraft carry safely with a full fuel load? _____________
ask instructor, I tried looking at POH Limitations
What effect does an increase in density altitude have on takeoff and landing performance? (FAA‑P‑8740‑2)
Increased takeoff distance (greater takeoff TAS required)
Reduced rate of climb (decreased thrust and reduced acceleration
Increased true airspeed on approach and landing (same IAS)
Increased landing roll distance.
Define gross weight
The maximum allowable weight of both the airplane and its contents.
What are the standard weights assumed for the following when calculating weight and balance problems? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25, AC 120-27) Crew and passengers Gasoline Oil Water
Crew and passengers 190 lbs each
Gasoline 6 lbs/U.S. gal
Oil 7.5 lbs/U.S. gal
Water 8.35 lbs/U.S. gal
Describe the Carburetor and Priming system
Carburetor: up-draft, float type, fixed jet carburetor mounted on the bottom of the engine.
Fuel is delivered by gravity flow from the fuel system.
Fuel is mixed with air and delivered to the cylinders through intake manifold tubes.
The manual primer draws its fuel from the fuel strainer and injects it into the cylinder intake ports
Describe the electrical system
28 volt Direct Current system 24 volt lead acid battery 60 amp alternator
Best Angle of climb speed
VX is 62
What is “ground effect”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑3)
Ground effect is a condition of improved performance the airplane experiences when it is operating near the ground.
What situations may result in load factors reaching the maximum or being exceeded? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
TTS
Turns — The load factor increases after a bank has reached 45° or 50°.
Turbulence — Severe vertical gusts cause a sudden increase in angle of attack, resulting in large loads which are resisted by the inertia of the airplane.
Speed — The amount of excess load that can be imposed upon the wing depends on how fast the airplane is flying.
Know the following speeds for your airplane!
Vno
Vy
Va
Vx
Vfe
Vso
Vr
Vg
Vs
Vne
Vno- Structural Cruising speed: 129K
Vy - best rate of climb- 74K
Va- Maneuvering Speed - at 1990 lbs= 90K at 2550 = 105K
Vx - best angle of climb - 62 K
Vfe - 10 degrees = 110K 20-30 degrees = 85k
Vso - Stall Speed landing configuration = 40K
Vr - Rotation speed = 55 K
Vg -Glide speed = 68k
Vs - Stall speed clean configuration = 48 K
Vne - 163 K
What is the “angle of attack”? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
The angle of attack is the angle between the wing chord line and the direction of the relative wind
Where are the fuel sumps located on your aircraft? When should you drain them? _____________________________________________________
three one on each wing and one from the fuel strainer drain under an access door on the aft right side of the top of the engine cowling
Define the term “pressure altitude,” and state why it is important. (FAA‑H‑8083‑3) Hide Answer
Pressure Altitude — the altitude indicated when the altimeter setting window (barometric scale) is adjusted to 29.92 HG (inches of mercury)
Know the function of the various types of antennae on your aircraft.
See attached
What are the four dynamic forces that act on an airplane during all maneuvers? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
Lift — the upward acting force
Weight, the downward acting force
Thrust — the forward acting force
Drag — the backward acting force
what type of break system does the C172 have?
single disk, hydraulically-actuated break on each main landing gear wheel.
breaks are operated by applying pressure to the top of the rudder pedal
each break is connected by a hydraulic line to a master cylinder attached to each of the pilots rudder pedals
What effect does a forward center of gravity have on an aircraft’s flight characteristics? (FAA‑H‑8083‑1)
Higher stall speed — stalling angle of attack is reached at a higher speed due to increased wing loading.
Slower cruise speed — increased drag; greater angle of attack is required to maintain altitude.
More stable — the center of gravity is farther forward from the center of pressure which increases longitudinal stability.
What are several factors which will affect both lift and drag?
WAVAS
Wing area —
Angle of attack —
Velocity of the air —
Air density —
Shape of the airfoil —
What are the four factors that contribute to torque effect? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25)
TGCA
Torque reaction of the engine and propeller
Gyroscopic effect of the propeller.
Corkscrewing effect of the propeller slipstream.
Asymmetrical loading of the propeller (P-Factor)
What effect does torque reaction have on an airplane on the ground and in flight? (FAA‑H‑8083‑25) Show Answer
In flight — torque reaction is acting around the longitudinal axis, tending to make the airplane roll.
On the ground — As the left side of the airplane is being forced down by torque reaction, more weight is being placed on the left main landing gear. This results in more ground friction, or drag, on the left tire than on the right, causing a further turning moment to the left.
what are the four strokes of a cylinder?
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
