Cross Country Flight Planning III Flashcards

Question

Can the FAA use reports submitted to NASA for enforcement purposes? (14 CFR 91.25; AC 00-46)

Answer 1

No Except information concerning accidents or criminal offenses which are wholly excluded from the program. By submitting a report within 10 days following an incident, the pilot is not protected from the FAA finding a violation of regulation, but may be providing himself some immunity from a civil penalty or possible suspension of certificate.

Answer 2

Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) provide visual descent guidance information during the approach to a runway. Red Over Red — below Glide Path Red Over White — on Glide Path White Over White — above Glide Path

Answer 3

The Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) similar to the VASI These systems have an effective visual range of about 5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles at night. Four white lights High (More than 3.5 degrees) Three white one red. Slightly high (3.2 degrees) Two white two red. On glide path (3 degrees) One white three red. Slightly low (2.8 degrees) Four red lights. Low (Less than 2.5 degrees)

Answer 4

Often indicates that the ground visibility is less than 3 miles and/or the ceiling is less than 1,000 feet.

Answer 5

a. Mandatory instruction sign — red background/white inscription; denotes an entrance to a runway, a critical area, or a prohibited area. b. Location sign — black background/yellow inscription/yellow border; do not have arrows; used to identify a taxiway or runway location, the boundary of the runway, or identify an ILS critical area. c. Direction sign — yellow background/black inscription; identifies the designation of the intersecting taxiway(s) leading out of an intersection that a pilot would expect to turn onto or hold short of. d. Destination sign — yellow background/black inscription and also contain arrows; provides information on locating runways, terminals, cargo areas, and civil aviation areas, etc. e. Information sign — yellow background/black inscription; used to provide the pilot with information on areas that can’t be seen from the control tower, applicable radio frequencies, and noise abatement procedures, etc. f. Runway distance remaining sign — black background/white numeral inscription; indicates the distance of the remaining runway in thousands of feet.

Answer 6

Markings for runways are white. Markings for taxiways, areas not intended for use by aircraft (closed and hazardous areas), and holding positions (even if they are on a runway) are yellow.

Answer 7

Runway Threshold Markings — These come in two configurations. They either consist of eight longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline, or the number of stripes is related to the runway width. A threshold marking helps identify the beginning of the runway available for landing. Displaced Threshold — A threshold located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway. A displaced threshold reduces the length of runway available for landings. The portion of runway behind a displaced threshold is available for takeoffs in either direction. A ten-foot wide white threshold bar is located across the width of the runway at the displaced threshold. White arrows are located along the centerline in the area between the beginning of the runway and displaced threshold. White arrowheads are located across the width of the runway just prior to the threshold bar. Runway Hold Position Markings — For taxiways, these markings indicate where an aircraft is supposed to stop when it does not have clearance to proceed onto the runway. They are also installed on runways only if the runway is normally used by air traffic control for “land, hold short” operations. They consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed, spaced six inches apart and extending across the width of the taxiway or runway. Temporarily closed runways and taxiways — Provides a visual indication to pilots that a runway/taxiway is temporarily closed. Yellow crosses are placed on the runway only at each end of the runway. Closed taxiways are blocked with barricades or may utilize a yellow cross at the entrance to the taxiway. Permanently closed runways and taxiways — For runways and taxiways which are permanently closed, the lighting circuits will be disconnected. The runway threshold, runway designation, and touchdown markings are obliterated and yellow crosses are placed at each end of the runway and at 1,000-foot intervals.

Answer 8

Obtain an advisory from UNICOM, which will usually include wind direction and velocity, favored or designated runway, right or left traffic, altimeter setting, known traffic, NOTAMs, etc. If these services are not available, a segmented circle visual indicator system, if installed, is designated to provide traffic pattern information.

Answer 9

When approaching for landing, all turns must be made to the left unless a traffic pattern indicator indicates that turns should be made to the right.

Answer 10

Unless otherwise established, 1,000 feet AGL is the recommended traffic pattern altitude. At most airports and military air bases, traffic pattern altitudes for propeller-driven aircraft generally extend from 600 feet to as high as 1,500 feet AGL. Also, traffic pattern altitudes for military turbojet aircraft sometimes extend up to 2,500 feet AGL.

Answer 11

A pilot should plan to enter the traffic pattern in level flight, abeam the midpoint of the runway at pattern altitude. When departing a traffic pattern, continue straight out, or exit with a 45-degree turn (to the left when in a left-hand traffic pattern; to the right when in a right-hand traffic pattern) beyond the departure end of the runway, after reaching pattern altitude.

Answer 12

The Chart Supplement U.S.

Answer 13

An “Air Route Traffic Control Center” is a facility established to provide air traffic control service primarily to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of flight. Certain advisory/assistance service may be provided to VFR aircraft (VFR Flight Following). Frequencies may be obtained from FSS or the Chart Supplement U.S. Also, IFR enroute charts have ARTCC sector frequencies depicted. If departing from an airport with a control tower, you can request the appropriate frequency from them.

Answer 14

1200 — VFR operations 7500 — Hijack 7600 — Communications failure 7700 — Emergency

Answer 15

Initial call-up should be made about 15 miles from the airport.

Answer 16

Remain on the tower frequency for the purpose of receiving traffic information. In the interest of reducing tower frequency congestion, pilots are reminded that it is not necessary to request permission to leave the tower frequency once outside of Class B, Class C, and Class D surface areas.

Answer 17

Pacific Standard Time add 8 hours or 7 during daylight savings (march through Nov)

Answer 18

Arriving Aircraft: ATIS, Approach Control, Control Tower, Ground Control Departing Aircraft: ATIS, Clearance Delivery (if required for the surrounding airspace, i.e., Class B, C or D airspace), Ground Control, Control Tower, Departure Control.

Answer 19

is aeronautical information that could affect a pilot’s decision to make a flight. It includes such information as airport or primary runway closures, changes in the status of navigational aids, ILS’s, radar service availability, and other information essential to planned en route, terminal, or landing operations. NOTAMs can be viewed via the PilotWeb site: https://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov/PilotWeb/ Notices To Airmen (NOTAM) — time-critical aeronautical information of either a temporary nature, or not known sufficiently in advance receives immediate dissemination via the National NOTAM System.

Answer 20

a. (D) NOTAMs — Information that requires wide dissemination via telecommunication and pertains to en route navigational aids, civil public-use airports listed in the AFD, facilities, services, and procedures. b. FDC NOTAMs — Flight information that is regulatory in nature including, but not limited to, changes to IFR charts, procedures, and airspace usage. c. POINTER NOTAMs — issued by a flight service station to highlight or point out another NOTAM; such as an FDC NOTAM. These NOTAMs assist users in cross-referencing important information that may not be found under an airport or NAVAID identifier. d. SAA NOTAMs—are issued when Special Activity Airspace will be active outside the published schedule times and when required by the published schedule. e. MILITARY NOTAMs — pertain to U.S. Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy navigational aids/airports that are part of the NAS.

Answer 21

RWY, TWY, RAMP, APRON, AD, OBST, NAV, COM, SVC, AIRSPACE, (U) unverified, (O) other

Answer 22

A temporary flight restriction (TFR) is a regulatory action issued via the U.S. NOTAM system to restrict certain aircraft from operating within a defined area, on a temporary basis, to protect persons or property in the air or on the ground. They may be issued due to a hazardous condition, a special event, or as a general warning for the entire FAA airspace. TFR information can be obtained from an AFSS or on the Internet at www.faa.gov. Exam Tip: On the day of your practical test, verify that a last minute TFR hasn’t been issued for your area or along your planned route of flight.

Answer 23

a. Flight Service Station b. Notice to Airman Publication (NTAP) — printed NOTAMs c. DUATs vendors d. Internet website — www.faa.gov/pilots/flt\_plan/notams/ e. Broadcast Flight Information Services (FIS-B) — displayed in cockpit

Answer 24

Except for operations in or penetrating a Coastal or Domestic ADIZ or DEWIZ, a flight plan is not required for VFR flight; however, it is strongly recommended that one be filed with an FAA FSS when making extended cross-country flights. This will ensure that you receive VFR Search and Rescue Protection.

Answer 25

Defense VFR; VFR flights into a Coastal or Domestic ADIZ are required to file VFR flight plans for security purposes. The flight plan must be filed before departure.

Answer 26

NO. You should close your flight plan with the nearest FSS, or if one is not available, you may request any ATC facility to relay your cancellation.

Answer 27

If you fail to report or cancel your flight plan within one-half hour after your ETA, Search and Rescue procedures are started.

Answer 28

A phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere. The term includes vortices, thrust stream turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash, both on the ground and in the air.

Answer 29

All aircraft generate turbulence and associated wingtip vortices. In general, avoid the area behind and below the generating aircraft, especially at low altitudes. Also of concern is the weight, speed, and shape of the wing of the generating aircraft. The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is HEAVY, CLEAN and SLOW.

Answer 30

a. Landing behind a larger aircraft on the same runway — Stay at or above the larger aircraft’s final approach flight path. Note its touchdown point and land beyond it. b. Landing behind a larger aircraft, when parallel runway is closer than 2,500 feet — Consider possible drift to your runway. Stay at or above the larger aircraft’s final approach flight path, and note its touchdown point. c. Landing behind a larger aircraft, crossing runway — Cross above the larger aircraft’s flight path. d. Landing behind a departing larger aircraft on the same runway — Note the larger aircraft’s rotation point, and land well prior to rotation point. e. Landing behind a departing larger aircraft, crossing runway — Note the larger aircraft’s rotation point. If past the intersection, continue the approach, and land prior to the intersection. If larger aircraft rotates prior to the intersection, avoid flight below the larger aircraft’s flightpath. Abandon the approach unless a landing is ensured well before reaching the intersection. f. Departing behind a large aircraft — Note the larger aircraft’s rotation point and rotate prior to the larger aircraft’s rotation point. Continue climbing above the larger aircraft’s climb path until turning clear of the larger aircraft’s wake. Avoid subsequent headings that will cross below and behind a larger aircraft. g. Intersection takeoffs, same runway — Be alert to adjacent larger aircraft operations, especially of your runway. If intersection takeoff clearance is received, avoid subsequent heading which will cross below a larger aircraft’s path. h. Departing or landing after a larger aircraft executing a low approach, missed approach or touch-and-go landing — Vortices settle and move laterally near the ground. Because of this, the vortex hazard may exist along the runway and in your flight path after a larger aircraft has executed a low approach, missed approach or a touch-and-go landing, particularly in light quartering wind conditions. You should ensure that an interval of at least 2 minutes has elapsed before your takeoff or landing. i. En route VFR (thousand-foot altitude plus 500 feet) — Avoid flight below and behind a large aircraft’s path. If a larger aircraft is observed above or on the same track (meeting or overtaking) adjust your position laterally, preferably upwind. Remember: Acceptance of instructions from ATC is an acknowledgment that the pilot will ensure safe takeoff and landing intervals and accept the responsibility for providing wake turbulence separation.

Answer 31

WTF-A runway width illusion, Terreain slopes illusion, Featureless terrain illusion, Atmospheric illusion Runway width illusion — A narrower-than-usual runway can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is. Runway and terrain slopes illusion — An upsloping runway, upsloping terrain, or both, can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is Featureless terrain illusion — An absence of ground features, as when landing over water, darkened areas, and terrain made featureless by snow, can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is. Atmospheric illusions — Rain on the windscreen can create the illusion of greater height, and atmospheric haze can create the illusion of being at a greater distance from the runway.

Answer 32

LAHSO is an acronym for “land and hold short operations.” At controlled airports, ATC may clear a pilot to land and hold short of an intersecting runway, an intersecting taxiway, or some other designated point on a runway. Student pilots or pilots not familiar with LAHSO should not participate in the program. Pilots are expected to decline a LAHSO clearance if they determine it will compromise safety or if weather is below basic VFR conditions (a minimum ceiling of 1,000 feet and 3 SM visibility).

Answer 33

ALD data are published in the special notices section of the Chart Supplement U.S. and in the U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications. Controllers will also provide ALD data upon request.

Answer 34

a. Before takeoff — Prior to taxiing onto a runway or landing area in preparation for takeoff, pilots should scan the approach area for possible landing traffic, executing appropriate maneuvers to provide a clear view of the approach areas. b. Climbs and descents — During climbs and descents in flight conditions that permit visual detection of other traffic, pilots should execute gentle banks left and right at a frequency that allows continuous visual scanning of the airspace. c. Straight and level — During sustained periods of straight-and-level flight, a pilot should execute appropriate clearing procedures at periodic intervals. d. Traffic patterns — Entries into traffic patterns while descending should be avoided. e. Traffic at VOR sites — Due to converging traffic, sustained vigilance should be maintained in the vicinity of VORs and intersections. f. Training operations — Vigilance should be maintained and clearing turns should be made prior to a practice maneuver. During instruction, the pilot should be asked to verbalize the clearing procedures (call out clear “left, right, above, and below”). High-wing and low-wing aircraft have their respective blind spots. High-wing aircraft should momentarily raise the wing in the direction of the intended turn and look for traffic prior to commencing the turn. Low-wing aircraft should momentarily lower the wing.

Answer 35

Drones must fly below 400 feet AGL, can only operate in daylight hours, and must stay clear of clouds. (14 CFR Part 107, AIM 7-5-5)

Answer 36

a. Communications — misunderstanding the given clearance; failure to communicate effectively b. Airport knowledge — failure to navigate the airport correctly; unable to interpret airport signage c. Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientation — failure to maintain situational awareness

Answer 37

a. Review and understand airport signage, markings and lighting. b. Review the airport diagram, planned taxi route, and identify any “hot spots.” c. Review the latest airfield NOTAMs and ATIS (if available) for taxiway/runway closures, construction activity, etc. d. Conduct a pre-taxi/pre-landing briefing that includes the expected/assigned taxi route and any hold short lines and restrictions based on ATIS information or previous experience at the airport. e. Plan for critical times and locations on the taxi route (complex intersections, crossing runways, etc.). f. Plan to complete as many aircraft checklist items as possible prior to taxi.

Answer 38

A “hot spot” is a runway safety-related problem area or intersection on an airport. Typically, hot spots are complex or confusing taxiway–taxiway or taxiway–runway intersections. A lack of visibility may exist at certain points and/or the tower may be unable to see those particular intersections. Pilots should be increasingly vigilant when approaching and taxiing through these intersections.

Answer 39

Pilots must be able to focus on their duties without being distracted by non-flight-related matters unrelated to the safe and proper operation of the aircraft. Refraining from nonessential activities during ground operations is essential. Passengers should be briefed on the importance of minimizing conversations and questions during taxi as well as on arrival, from the time landing preparations begin until the aircraft is safely parked.

Answer 40

If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions, which include step-by-step routing directions.

Answer 41

A common pitfall of pre-taxi and pre-landing planning is setting expectations and then receiving different instructions from ATC. Pilots need to follow the instructions that they actually receive, and not the ones they expect to receive. Short term memory is of limited duration.

Answer 42

Can reduce a pilot’s vulnerability to forgetting part of the instructions and provides a reference for read-back of instructions to ATC. It can also be used as a means of reconfirming the taxi route and any restrictions at any time during taxi operations.

Answer 43

No; Aircraft must receive a runway crossing clearance for each runway that their taxi route crosses.

Answer 44

a. The runway assignment. b. Any clearance to enter a specific runway. c. Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait.

Answer 45

a. A current airport diagram should be available for immediate reference during taxi. b. Monitor ATC instructions/clearances issued to other aircraft for the “big picture.” c. Focus attention outside the cockpit while taxiing. d. Use all available resources (airport diagrams, airport signs, markings, lighting, and ATC) to keep the aircraft on its assigned taxi route. e. Cross-reference heading indicator to ensure turns are being made in the correct direction and that you’re on the assigned taxi route. f. Prior to crossing any hold short line, visually check for conflicting traffic; verbalize “clear left, clear right.” g. Be alert for other aircraft with similar call signs on the frequency. h. Understand and follow all ATC instructions and if in doubt — Ask!

Answer 46

a. Engines running — Turn on the rotating beacon whenever an engine is running. b. Taxiing — Prior to commencing taxi, turn on navigation/position lights and anti-collision lights. c. Crossing a runway — All exterior lights should be illuminated when crossing a runway. d. Entering the departure runway for takeoff — All exterior lights (except landing lights) should be on to make your aircraft more conspicuous to aircraft on final and ATC. e. Cleared for takeoff — All exterior lights, including takeoff/landing lights should be on. Note: If you see an aircraft in takeoff position on a runway with landing lights ON, that aircraft has most likely received its takeoff clearance and will be departing immediately.

Answer 47

Aircraft may be landing and/or taking off on more than one runway at the airport. Also, aircraft may be using an instrument approach procedure to runways other than the runway in use for VFR operations. The instrument approach runway may intersect the VFR runway. It is also possible that an instrument arrival may be made to the opposite end of the runway from which a takeoff is being made.

Answer 48

No; At airports with an operating control tower, pilots should never stop or reverse course on the runway without first obtaining ATC approval.

Answer 49

Listen on the appropriate frequency (CTAF) for inbound aircraft information and always scan the full length of the runway, including the final approach and departure paths, before entering or crossing the runway. Self-announce your position and intentions and remember that not all aircraft are radio-equipped.

Answer 50

Two minutes or more elapsed between the time the instruction was issued to line up and wait and the resulting event (for example, land-over or go-around). If you have been holding in position on the runway for more than 90 seconds, or you see or hear a potential conflict, contact ATC immediately.

Answer 51

a. Always lock your aircraft. b. Keep track of door/ignition keys and don’t leave keys in unattended aircraft. c. Use secondary locks (prop, tie down, throttle, and wheel locks) or aircraft disabler if available. d. Lock hangar when unattended.

Answer 52

a. Limitations on ramp access to people other than instructors and students b. Standards for securing aircraft on the ramp c. Securing access to aircraft keys at all times d. New auxiliary security items for aircraft (prop locks, throttle locks, locking tie downs) e. After-hours or weekend access procedures

Answer 53

a. Aircraft with unusual modifications (such as modified N-numbers) or activity b. Unfamiliar persons loitering for extended periods in the vicinity of parked aircraft c. Anyone making threats d. Events or circumstances that do not fit the pattern of lawful, normal activity at an airport e. Pilots appearing to be under the control of others

Answer 54

If you determine that it’s safe, question the individual. If their response is unsatisfactory and they continue to act suspiciously: a. Alert airport or FBO management. b. Contact local law enforcement if the activity poses an immediate threat to persons or property. c. Contact the 866-GA-SECURE hotline to document the reported event.

Answer 55

866-GA-SECURE TSA personnel will document the reported activity, collect your personal contact numbers, and pass the information on to the appropriate regulatory office within the TSA. Note: Calling 866-GA-SECURE will not dispatch local law enforcement. In the event of an immediate emergency, 911 or local law enforcement should be contacted first.

Answer 56

Security Guidelines for General Aviation Airports is a set of federally endorsed guidelines that offers an extensive list of options, ideas, and suggestions for the airport operator, sponsor, tenant and/or user to choose from when considering security enhancements for GA facilities. Flight School Security Awareness Training for Aircraft and Simulators is an online training course designed to raise the general security awareness levels of employees working in the flight training industry.