Water soluble vitamins Flashcards
1
Q
the solubility of a vitamin affects
A
absorption, transport, and excretion
2
Q
is toxicity likely in water soluble vitamins
A
no, it can be excreted in the urine
3
Q
how can vitamins be destroyed
A
prolonged heating, UV light, and oxygen
4
Q
what are some ways to maintain nutrients
A
refrigeration, store in airtight containers, rinse fruits and vegetables just before using, microwave or steam in small amounts of water, chop immediately prior to eating
5
Q
water soluble vitamins are __philic
A
hydrophilic
6
Q
what are the water soluble vitamins
A
B and C
7
Q
where are B and C found
A
in the watery component of foods
8
Q
water soluble vitamins move directly into the __
A
blood
9
Q
can water soluble vitamins move freely in the blood
A
yes
10
Q
by what organ are water soluble vitamins excreted if there is excess
A
kidney
11
Q
which vitamins are needed more frequently; water or fat soluble
A
water
12
Q
what is the storage process of water soluble vitamins in the body
A
circulate freely in water filled parts of the body
13
Q
how do vitamins differ from CHOs, fats, and proteins
A
they are functional units, do not yield energy, may assist enzymes that release energy from macronutrients, are measured in micrograms(µg) or milligrams(mg) instead of grams
14
Q
the amount of vitamins useful to the body depends on
A
the quantity provided by the food and bioavailability
15
Q
what is the definition of bioavailability
A
rate at and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
16
Q
what are some factors that affect bioavailability
A
digestion efficiency and GI transit time
previous nutrient intake and nutrition status
other foods consumed at the same time
method of food preparation
source of nutrient(synthetic, fortified, or naturally occurring)
17
Q
vitamins act as
A
precursors
18
Q
what are precursors
A
substances that precede others
19
Q
what compounds can be converted into active vitamins
A
provitamins
20
Q
what is an example of a provitamin
A
beta-carotene to vitamin A
21
Q
tolerable upper levels have been established for the following H2O soluble vitamins
A
niacin, vitamin B6, folate, choline, and Vitamin C
22
Q
what substances act as coenzymes that assist int he release of energy from CHO and fat
A
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, panthothenic acid, and biotin
23
Q
__ assist enzymes that metabolize AA
A
B6
24
Q
__ and __ help cells multiply
A
Folate and B12
25
thiamin is a _ vitamin
B
26
where is thiamin present
in the membranes of nerve cells
27
what is the coenzyme form of thiamin
thiamin pyrophosphate
28
what does thiamin do
converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA and converts a 5C compound to a 4C in the TCA cycle
29
what is wet Beriberi
thiamin deficiency-damage to the cardiovascular system; dilated blood vessels; kidneys retain salt and water, edema
30
what is dry beriberi
thiamin deficiency-damage to the nervous system; muscle weakness in the arms and legs
31
what is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
thiamin deficiency-disorientation, loss of short-term memory, jerky eye movements and staggering gait
32
where can wernicke-korsakoff syndrome be found
in malnourished and homeless people, alcohol abuse- the alcohol is empty calories, impairs thiamin absorption, and enhances excretion in urine
33
what are the top five sources of thiamin in descending order
pork chop, soy milk, cereals, tortillas, and squash , cereals are a significant source
34
riboflavin is aka
B12
35
what are the coenzyme forms of riboflavin
FMN(flavin mononucleotide), FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
36
during the TCA cycle, compounds release hydrogens and the riboflavin coenzyme __ picks up two of them and becomes
FAD, FADH2
37
for every FADH2 that passes through the electron transport train two __ are generated
ATP
38
what is a result of a B2 deficiency
inflammation of the membranes of the mouth such as stomatitis, cheilosis, glossitis
39
how is B2 destroyed
UV light
40
what is the top sources of riboflavin
liver, dairy products
41
what are the deficiency symptoms of riboflavin
sore throat, cracks and redness at corners of the mouth, painful, smooth, purplish red tongue, inflammations characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales
42
what are the coenzyme forms of niacin
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (phosphate form of NAD)
43
what does NAD do
carries H+ during metabolic reactions including from the TCA cycle to electron transport chain and protects against neurological degeneration
44
what is a precursor to niacin
tryptophan
45
60 mg of tryptophan equals
1 mg of Niacin
46
what is the niacin deficiency called
pellagra
47
when does pellagra occur
in diets which corn was a staple item
48
what tare the 4 Ds of niacin deficiency
dermatitis, diarrhea, demential and death
49
true or false: niacin from foods does not cause harm
true
50
Nicotinic acid taken in doses 3-4 times the RDA results in
Niacin flush
51
what are the symptoms of niacin toxicity
burning, tingling, itching sensation, and the capillaries are dilated
52
large doses of __ are used to lower LDL cholesterol, raise HDL cholesterol, and increase adiponectin levels
niacin
53
what are the main sources of niacin
chicken breast, tuna, liver, and beef
54
what are the significant sources of niacin
protein containing foods
55
biotin is a coenzyme in
metabolism
56
what is the coenzyme that carries activated CO2
biotin
57
what is the coenzyme that delivers C to pyruvate to replenish oxaloacetate
biotin
58
what is the vitamin involved in gluconeogenesis
biotin
59
what vitamin aids in fatty acid synthesis, breakdown of some FA and AA
biotin
60
what vitamin has an AI and some are synthesized by GI bacteria
Biotin
61
how can a biotin deficiency be reduced
by feeding raw egg whites-avidin
62
what are some symptoms of biotin deficiency
dermatitis, alopecia(hairloss) and neurological impairment
63
what are some biotin food sources
egg yolk, meat and poultry, beans, whole grains, and liver
64
what is pantothenic acid
B5 vitamin
65
what are some main functions of B5
Synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones and hemoglobin, principle part of CoA, has an AI
66
is a B5 deficiency common
no
67
what are the symptoms of a B5 deficiency
general failure of the body's systems, fatigue, GI distress, neurological disturbances
68
what are some B5 food sources
beef, poultry, whole grains, potatoes, tomatoes, and broccoli
69
B5 can easily be lost by doing what to the sources
freezing, canning, and refining
70
where is B6 stores extensively
in the muscle tissue
71
what are the three forms of B6 and what coenzyme do they all convert to
pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
72
B6 fairs in
amino acid metabolism, synthesis of heme, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and lecithin
73
Tryptophan -->
| Tryptophan -->
Niacin, Seratonin
74
whoa re more at risk of a B6 deficiency
people with CVD and certain cancers
75
what are the symptoms of B6 deficiency
depression, confusion, and convulsion,
76
__ contributes to destruction and loss of B6
alcohol
77
__ is Vitamin B6 antagonist
INH (TB drug)
78
what are the symptoms of B6 toxicity
depression, fatigue, irritability, irreversible nerve degeneration, muscle weakness, inability to walk, and convulsion
79
what are some B6 food sources
meats, fish, poultry, bananas, potatoes, broccoli and carrots, tomato juice, watermelon
80
what re the top two B6 sources
bananas and watermelon
81
B6 is easily destroyed by
heat
82
what is the coenzyme form of folate/folic acid
tetrahydrofolate
83
what does folate/folic acid do
transfers one carbon compounds that arise during metabolism, converts vitamin B12 to its coenzyme, synthesizes DNA, and regenerates AA methionine from homocysteine
84
in foods, folate naturally occurs as__, but as __ in fortified foods
polyglutamate, monoglutamate
85
to activate folate/folic acid, vitamin __ removes and keeps the methyl group which activates __
B12
86
what does DFE stand for
dietary folate equivalents
87
what is DFE
Amount of folate available to the body from naturally occurring sources, fortified foods, and supplements
88
what is the bioavailability of DFE
50% foods – 100% from supplements on an empty stomach
89
Folic acid (from supplements) __ times more available than folate (from foods)
1.7
90
100 micrograms of folate & 100 micrograms folic acid = __ micrograms DFE
270
91
how many micrograms of folic acid are required for pregnant women
400 micrograms
92
Folic acid breaks down homocysteine to __
methionine
93
fi you have adequate folate consumption you have a decreased risk of
pancreatic cancer
94
what are the results of folate deficiency
impairs cell division and protein synthesis, anemia-large, immature blood cells, mesoblastic anemia, GI tract deterioration
95
what are the culprits of folate deficiency
infants fed goats milk, impaired absorption, unusual metabolic need, needs where cell multiplication is sped up, cancer, skin destroying diseases such s chicken pox and measles, burns, blood loss, GI tract damage, and some chemotherapy drugs, aspirin and antacids
96
if hemoglobin is low, you may have low _ or __
B12 or folic acid
97
what are some folate food sources
legumes, orange/tomato juice, vegetables, leafy green vegetables, and fortified grain products
98
what are some main folate sources
lentils, pinto beans, asparagus, and fortified grain foods
99
with is the RDA and UL for folate
400 micrograms, 1000 micrograms
100
what are toxicity symptoms of folate
masks B12
101
what are the coenzyme forms of B12
Methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosylcobalamin
102
__ partners with folate
B12
103
what does B12 do
protects myelin sheath, which protect nerve fibers & promotes normal growth, Bone cell activity, metabolism
104
B12 is important for
metabolism, formation of red blood cells, and the maintenance of the CNS
105
in the stomach __ and__ release B12 and B12 binds with
HCl and pepsin, gastric intrinsic factor(GIF)
106
where is B12 absorbed into the blood stream
the ileum
107
where is B12 secreted
into the bile and reabsorbed from the intestine
108
what are the primary causes of inadequate B12 absorption
lack of HCl and GIF
109
who is B12 deficiency common among
the elderly
110
what is atrophic gastritis and what is it a result of
Chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by diminished size and function of mucous membranes & glands
B12 deficiency
111
what is pernicious anemia
Blood disorder due to Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by atrophic gastritis & lack of GIF; characterized by abnormally large and immature RBCs
112
pernicious means what
a B12 deficiency specifically
113
what can B12 be a result of
inheritance of a defective gene for GIF, vegetarian diet, takes 3-5 years to develop in adults
114
what is mesoblastic anemia
Anemia of folate deficiency, Slowed DNA synthesis; inability for cell division
115
__ can mask a B12 deficiency
folate
116
what are the results of a B12 deficiency
impaired cognition, paralysis beginning in extremities and moving forward, without early detection irreversible neurological damage
117
where is the best bioavailability for B12
milk and fish and fortified cereals
118
for vegans what are the best B12 food sources
fortified soy bilk, supplements, yeast grown on B12 enriched medium and mixed with it
119
what inactivates B12
microwaving
120
what are the deficiency symptoms of B12
anemia, fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis; sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation
121
do toxicities of B vitamins result form supplements or food
supplements
122
what vitamin aids in Fe absorption
C
123
what vitamin aids in collagen formation
C
124
what vitamin is an antioxidant
C
125
what is an antioxidant
Substance that decreases the adverse effects of free radicals on normal physiological functions of the body
126
what is a cofactor
Small substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme
127
what does an antioxidant do
Donates electrons to free radicals
128
what is a free radical
an unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons
129
Conversion of proline to hydroxyproline requires
Vit C & Fe
130
what is necessary for FA transport across inner membrane of mitochondria in cells
Hydroxylation of carnitine
131
Tryptophan -->
Tyrosine -->
making of
all include Vitamin C
serotonin, norepinephrine, hormones like thyroxin,
132
During stress adrenal glands release __into blood
Vitamin C & hormones
133
when would the body need an increase of vitamin C
burns, temperature extremes, intakes of toxic heavy metals. chronic medication use, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and second hand smoke
134
some kidney stones are a cause of
vitamin C
135
what are the RDAs for vitamin C
90 for men and 75 for women
136
what is a vitamin deficiency disease
scurvy
137
what are some signs and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency
/bleeding gums, capillaries breaks, inadequate collagen, muscle degeneration, rough/brown/scaly skin, failure of wound healing, bone rebuilding falters, loose teeth as cartilage weakens, anemia, infections, hysteria, depression, sudden death most likely due to massive internal bleeding
138
what are some signs and symptoms of vitamin C toxicity
nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, high doses may clot blood of taking blood thinners, alter urine tests for DM to detect glucose and ketones, kidney stones
139
what are some of the top sources of vitamin C
red bell pepper, kiwi, orange, broccoli, Brussel sprouts
