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Nutrition > Water soluble vitamins > Flashcards

Water soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

the solubility of a vitamin affects

A

absorption, transport, and excretion

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2
Q

is toxicity likely in water soluble vitamins

A

no, it can be excreted in the urine

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3
Q

how can vitamins be destroyed

A

prolonged heating, UV light, and oxygen

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4
Q

what are some ways to maintain nutrients

A

refrigeration, store in airtight containers, rinse fruits and vegetables just before using, microwave or steam in small amounts of water, chop immediately prior to eating

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5
Q

water soluble vitamins are __philic

A

hydrophilic

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6
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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7
Q

where are B and C found

A

in the watery component of foods

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8
Q

water soluble vitamins move directly into the __

A

blood

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9
Q

can water soluble vitamins move freely in the blood

A

yes

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10
Q

by what organ are water soluble vitamins excreted if there is excess

A

kidney

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11
Q

which vitamins are needed more frequently; water or fat soluble

A

water

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12
Q

what is the storage process of water soluble vitamins in the body

A

circulate freely in water filled parts of the body

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13
Q

how do vitamins differ from CHOs, fats, and proteins

A

they are functional units, do not yield energy, may assist enzymes that release energy from macronutrients, are measured in micrograms(µg) or milligrams(mg) instead of grams

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14
Q

the amount of vitamins useful to the body depends on

A

the quantity provided by the food and bioavailability

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15
Q

what is the definition of bioavailability

A

rate at and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

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16
Q

what are some factors that affect bioavailability

A

digestion efficiency and GI transit time
previous nutrient intake and nutrition status
other foods consumed at the same time
method of food preparation
source of nutrient(synthetic, fortified, or naturally occurring)

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17
Q

vitamins act as

A

precursors

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18
Q

what are precursors

A

substances that precede others

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19
Q

what compounds can be converted into active vitamins

A

provitamins

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20
Q

what is an example of a provitamin

A

beta-carotene to vitamin A

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21
Q

tolerable upper levels have been established for the following H2O soluble vitamins

A

niacin, vitamin B6, folate, choline, and Vitamin C

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22
Q

what substances act as coenzymes that assist int he release of energy from CHO and fat

A

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, panthothenic acid, and biotin

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23
Q

__ assist enzymes that metabolize AA

A

B6

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24
Q

__ and __ help cells multiply

A

Folate and B12

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25
Q

thiamin is a _ vitamin

A

B

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26
Q

where is thiamin present

A

in the membranes of nerve cells

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27
Q

what is the coenzyme form of thiamin

A

thiamin pyrophosphate

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28
Q

what does thiamin do

A

converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA and converts a 5C compound to a 4C in the TCA cycle

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29
Q

what is wet Beriberi

A

thiamin deficiency-damage to the cardiovascular system; dilated blood vessels; kidneys retain salt and water, edema

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30
Q

what is dry beriberi

A

thiamin deficiency-damage to the nervous system; muscle weakness in the arms and legs

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31
Q

what is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

A

thiamin deficiency-disorientation, loss of short-term memory, jerky eye movements and staggering gait

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32
Q

where can wernicke-korsakoff syndrome be found

A

in malnourished and homeless people, alcohol abuse- the alcohol is empty calories, impairs thiamin absorption, and enhances excretion in urine

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33
Q

what are the top five sources of thiamin in descending order

A

pork chop, soy milk, cereals, tortillas, and squash , cereals are a significant source

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34
Q

riboflavin is aka

A

B12

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35
Q

what are the coenzyme forms of riboflavin

A

FMN(flavin mononucleotide), FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

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36
Q

during the TCA cycle, compounds release hydrogens and the riboflavin coenzyme __ picks up two of them and becomes

A

FAD, FADH2

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37
Q

for every FADH2 that passes through the electron transport train two __ are generated

A

ATP

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38
Q

what is a result of a B2 deficiency

A

inflammation of the membranes of the mouth such as stomatitis, cheilosis, glossitis

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39
Q

how is B2 destroyed

A

UV light

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40
Q

what is the top sources of riboflavin

A

liver, dairy products

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41
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of riboflavin

A

sore throat, cracks and redness at corners of the mouth, painful, smooth, purplish red tongue, inflammations characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales

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42
Q

what are the coenzyme forms of niacin

A

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (phosphate form of NAD)

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43
Q

what does NAD do

A

carries H+ during metabolic reactions including from the TCA cycle to electron transport chain and protects against neurological degeneration

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44
Q

what is a precursor to niacin

A

tryptophan

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45
Q

60 mg of tryptophan equals

A

1 mg of Niacin

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46
Q

what is the niacin deficiency called

A

pellagra

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47
Q

when does pellagra occur

A

in diets which corn was a staple item

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48
Q

what tare the 4 Ds of niacin deficiency

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, demential and death

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49
Q

true or false: niacin from foods does not cause harm

A

true

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50
Q

Nicotinic acid taken in doses 3-4 times the RDA results in

A

Niacin flush

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51
Q

what are the symptoms of niacin toxicity

A

burning, tingling, itching sensation, and the capillaries are dilated

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52
Q

large doses of __ are used to lower LDL cholesterol, raise HDL cholesterol, and increase adiponectin levels

A

niacin

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53
Q

what are the main sources of niacin

A

chicken breast, tuna, liver, and beef

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54
Q

what are the significant sources of niacin

A

protein containing foods

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55
Q

biotin is a coenzyme in

A

metabolism

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56
Q

what is the coenzyme that carries activated CO2

A

biotin

57
Q

what is the coenzyme that delivers C to pyruvate to replenish oxaloacetate

A

biotin

58
Q

what is the vitamin involved in gluconeogenesis

A

biotin

59
Q

what vitamin aids in fatty acid synthesis, breakdown of some FA and AA

A

biotin

60
Q

what vitamin has an AI and some are synthesized by GI bacteria

A

Biotin

61
Q

how can a biotin deficiency be reduced

A

by feeding raw egg whites-avidin

62
Q

what are some symptoms of biotin deficiency

A

dermatitis, alopecia(hairloss) and neurological impairment

63
Q

what are some biotin food sources

A

egg yolk, meat and poultry, beans, whole grains, and liver

64
Q

what is pantothenic acid

A

B5 vitamin

65
Q

what are some main functions of B5

A

Synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones and hemoglobin, principle part of CoA, has an AI

66
Q

is a B5 deficiency common

A

no

67
Q

what are the symptoms of a B5 deficiency

A

general failure of the body’s systems, fatigue, GI distress, neurological disturbances

68
Q

what are some B5 food sources

A

beef, poultry, whole grains, potatoes, tomatoes, and broccoli

69
Q

B5 can easily be lost by doing what to the sources

A

freezing, canning, and refining

70
Q

where is B6 stores extensively

A

in the muscle tissue

71
Q

what are the three forms of B6 and what coenzyme do they all convert to

A

pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

72
Q

B6 fairs in

A

amino acid metabolism, synthesis of heme, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and lecithin

73
Q

Tryptophan –>

Tryptophan –>

A

Niacin, Seratonin

74
Q

whoa re more at risk of a B6 deficiency

A

people with CVD and certain cancers

75
Q

what are the symptoms of B6 deficiency

A

depression, confusion, and convulsion,

76
Q

__ contributes to destruction and loss of B6

A

alcohol

77
Q

__ is Vitamin B6 antagonist

A

INH (TB drug)

78
Q

what are the symptoms of B6 toxicity

A

depression, fatigue, irritability, irreversible nerve degeneration, muscle weakness, inability to walk, and convulsion

79
Q

what are some B6 food sources

A

meats, fish, poultry, bananas, potatoes, broccoli and carrots, tomato juice, watermelon

80
Q

what re the top two B6 sources

A

bananas and watermelon

81
Q

B6 is easily destroyed by

A

heat

82
Q

what is the coenzyme form of folate/folic acid

A

tetrahydrofolate

83
Q

what does folate/folic acid do

A

transfers one carbon compounds that arise during metabolism, converts vitamin B12 to its coenzyme, synthesizes DNA, and regenerates AA methionine from homocysteine

84
Q

in foods, folate naturally occurs as__, but as __ in fortified foods

A

polyglutamate, monoglutamate

85
Q

to activate folate/folic acid, vitamin __ removes and keeps the methyl group which activates __

A

B12

86
Q

what does DFE stand for

A

dietary folate equivalents

87
Q

what is DFE

A

Amount of folate available to the body from naturally occurring sources, fortified foods, and supplements

88
Q

what is the bioavailability of DFE

A

50% foods – 100% from supplements on an empty stomach

89
Q

Folic acid (from supplements) __ times more available than folate (from foods)

A

1.7

90
Q

100 micrograms of folate & 100 micrograms folic acid = __ micrograms DFE

A

270

91
Q

how many micrograms of folic acid are required for pregnant women

A

400 micrograms

92
Q

Folic acid breaks down homocysteine to __

A

methionine

93
Q

fi you have adequate folate consumption you have a decreased risk of

A

pancreatic cancer

94
Q

what are the results of folate deficiency

A

impairs cell division and protein synthesis, anemia-large, immature blood cells, mesoblastic anemia, GI tract deterioration

95
Q

what are the culprits of folate deficiency

A

infants fed goats milk, impaired absorption, unusual metabolic need, needs where cell multiplication is sped up, cancer, skin destroying diseases such s chicken pox and measles, burns, blood loss, GI tract damage, and some chemotherapy drugs, aspirin and antacids

96
Q

if hemoglobin is low, you may have low _ or __

A

B12 or folic acid

97
Q

what are some folate food sources

A

legumes, orange/tomato juice, vegetables, leafy green vegetables, and fortified grain products

98
Q

what are some main folate sources

A

lentils, pinto beans, asparagus, and fortified grain foods

99
Q

with is the RDA and UL for folate

A

400 micrograms, 1000 micrograms

100
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of folate

A

masks B12

101
Q

what are the coenzyme forms of B12

A

Methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosylcobalamin

102
Q

__ partners with folate

A

B12

103
Q

what does B12 do

A

protects myelin sheath, which protect nerve fibers & promotes normal growth, Bone cell activity, metabolism

104
Q

B12 is important for

A

metabolism, formation of red blood cells, and the maintenance of the CNS

105
Q

in the stomach __ and__ release B12 and B12 binds with

A

HCl and pepsin, gastric intrinsic factor(GIF)

106
Q

where is B12 absorbed into the blood stream

A

the ileum

107
Q

where is B12 secreted

A

into the bile and reabsorbed from the intestine

108
Q

what are the primary causes of inadequate B12 absorption

A

lack of HCl and GIF

109
Q

who is B12 deficiency common among

A

the elderly

110
Q

what is atrophic gastritis and what is it a result of

A

Chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by diminished size and function of mucous membranes & glands
B12 deficiency

111
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

Blood disorder due to Vitamin B12 deficiency caused by atrophic gastritis & lack of GIF; characterized by abnormally large and immature RBCs

112
Q

pernicious means what

A

a B12 deficiency specifically

113
Q

what can B12 be a result of

A

inheritance of a defective gene for GIF, vegetarian diet, takes 3-5 years to develop in adults

114
Q

what is mesoblastic anemia

A

Anemia of folate deficiency, Slowed DNA synthesis; inability for cell division

115
Q

__ can mask a B12 deficiency

A

folate

116
Q

what are the results of a B12 deficiency

A

impaired cognition, paralysis beginning in extremities and moving forward, without early detection irreversible neurological damage

117
Q

where is the best bioavailability for B12

A

milk and fish and fortified cereals

118
Q

for vegans what are the best B12 food sources

A

fortified soy bilk, supplements, yeast grown on B12 enriched medium and mixed with it

119
Q

what inactivates B12

A

microwaving

120
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms of B12

A

anemia, fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis; sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation

121
Q

do toxicities of B vitamins result form supplements or food

A

supplements

122
Q

what vitamin aids in Fe absorption

A

C

123
Q

what vitamin aids in collagen formation

A

C

124
Q

what vitamin is an antioxidant

A

C

125
Q

what is an antioxidant

A

Substance that decreases the adverse effects of free radicals on normal physiological functions of the body

126
Q

what is a cofactor

A

Small substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme

127
Q

what does an antioxidant do

A

Donates electrons to free radicals

128
Q

what is a free radical

A

an unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons

129
Q

Conversion of proline to hydroxyproline requires

A

Vit C & Fe

130
Q

what is necessary for FA transport across inner membrane of mitochondria in cells

A

Hydroxylation of carnitine

131
Q

Tryptophan –>
Tyrosine –>
making of
all include Vitamin C

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, hormones like thyroxin,

132
Q

During stress adrenal glands release __into blood

A

Vitamin C & hormones

133
Q

when would the body need an increase of vitamin C

A

burns, temperature extremes, intakes of toxic heavy metals. chronic medication use, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and second hand smoke

134
Q

some kidney stones are a cause of

A

vitamin C

135
Q

what are the RDAs for vitamin C

A

90 for men and 75 for women

136
Q

what is a vitamin deficiency disease

A

scurvy

137
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency

A

/bleeding gums, capillaries breaks, inadequate collagen, muscle degeneration, rough/brown/scaly skin, failure of wound healing, bone rebuilding falters, loose teeth as cartilage weakens, anemia, infections, hysteria, depression, sudden death most likely due to massive internal bleeding

138
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of vitamin C toxicity

A

nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, high doses may clot blood of taking blood thinners, alter urine tests for DM to detect glucose and ketones, kidney stones

139
Q

what are some of the top sources of vitamin C

A

red bell pepper, kiwi, orange, broccoli, Brussel sprouts

Nutrition (8 decks)

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