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Nutrition > Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are trace minerals

A

Essential mineral nutrients the human body requires in relatively small amounts (< 100 mg daily)

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2
Q

what are some trace minerals

A

Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Selenium, Copper, Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium and Molybdenum

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3
Q

Trace mineral content dependent upon

A

processing, and soil and water composition

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4
Q

__ and __ impacts bioavailability

A

Dietary factors, human body

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5
Q

are trace mineral deficiencies local

A

no, Wide reaching impacts due to activity in many body systems
Generally: failure to grow in children

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6
Q

what are the two iconic states of iron

A 
Ferrous iron (reduced) Fe++
Ferric iron (oxidized) Fe+++
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7
Q

Most of body iron located in

A

Hemoglobin (RBCs)

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8
Q

80% of body’s iron is

A

Myoglobin (muscle cells)

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9
Q

__ holding protein of the muscle cells

A

O2

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10
Q

Fe balance maintained thru

A

absorption

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11
Q

what is ferritin

A

Iron storage protein

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12
Q

ferritin receives Iron from __ & stores in

A

GI tract, mucosal cells of SI

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13
Q

what is transferrin

A

Iron transport protein

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14
Q

what does transferrin do

A

Takes Iron from ferritin & transports iron to rest of body

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15
Q

what happens to iron from food after it is ingested

A

mucosal cells in the intestine store excess iron in mucosal ferritin

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16
Q

what happens to the iron stored in the SI if the body does not need it

A

iron is not absorbed and is excreted in shed intestinal cells instead. thus, iron absorption is reduced when the body does not need iron.

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17
Q

what happens to the iron stored in the SI if the body needs it

A

mucosal ferritin releases iron to mucosal transferrin, which hands off iron to another transferring that travels through the blood to the rest of the body

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18
Q

the absorption heme and nonheme iron partly depends on

A

the source

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19
Q

where is heme iron found

A

only in foods from animal flesh such as meats poultry and fish

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20
Q

which iron is absorbed better

A

heme (25%)

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21
Q

what are the sources of nonheme iron

A

plant and animal-derived foods

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22
Q

which iron is less well absorbed

A

nonheme (17%)

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23
Q

what factors enhance absorption of iron

A

MFP factor and vitamin C

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24
Q

what is MFP factor

A

Peptide factor released during the digestion of meat, fish and poultry that enhances non-heme iron absorption

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25
Q

how does vitamin C do to iron absorption

A

Improves non-heme Fe absorption

Iron from supplements is not influenced by Vitamin C

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26
Q

what is recommended for iron absorption

A

take supplemental iron between meals

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27
Q

what are some iron inhibiting factors

A
  1. *Phytates (in legumes, whole grains and rice)
  2. Vegetable proteins (soybeans, legumes and nuts)
  3. Fibers
  4. Oxalates
    spinach
  5. Ca (milk)
  6. EDTA (food additive)
  7. Tannins
  8. coffee, tea, grains, oregano, red wine &; some F
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28
Q

absorption of Fe depends on __ aka__

A

lifestage and growth; More mucosal ferritin & blood transferrin made when needs are greater

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29
Q

__ delivers iron to bone marrow & other tissues

A

Blood transferrin

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30
Q

Bone marrow uses iron to make new

A

RBCs

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31
Q

where is ferritin stored

A

the liver and also in bone marrow and the spleen

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32
Q

what is Hemosiderin

A

Iron-storage protein made in times of iron overload

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33
Q

where is Fe lost

A

in blood, GI tract feces, and minute amounts in urine, sweat & shed skin

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34
Q

what is hepcidin

A

hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance by limiting absorption from the SI and controlling release from the liver, spleen and bone marrow

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35
Q

when is production of hepcidin increased

A

in iron overload and decreases in iron deficiency

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36
Q

what is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide

A

Fe

37
Q

how many people have iron deficiency anemia

A

1.6 billion

38
Q

__ leads to Fe deficiency

A

blood loss

39
Q

Fe varies by __

A

life stage

40
Q

Severe depletion of Fe stores that results in

A

low Hgb & small, pale RBCs

41
Q

what is hypochromic anemia

A

blood cells are paler than normal

42
Q

what is microcytic anemia

A

blood cells are smaller than normal

43
Q

what are symptoms of hypo chromic an microcytic anemia

A
  1. Fatigue & weakness
  2. Apathy
  3. Poor resistance to cold
  4. Pallor
  5. Pale skin
44
Q

what happens when iron is low

A

hemoglobin synthesis is impaired

45
Q

what happens during stage 1 of iron deficiency

A
  1. Fe stores diminish
  2. Measure of serum ferritin reflect stores (decreases); most valuable at early stage assessment
  3. Serum ferritin increases with infection, may lead to inaccurate dx.
46
Q

what happens during stage 2 of iron deficiency

A
  1. Decrease in transport iron
  2. Serum iron falls
  3. Transferrin increases to adapt
  4. Transferrin saturation decreases as iron stores decline
47
Q

what happens during stage 3 of iron deficiency

A
  1. Limits Hgb production
  2. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin accumulates (precursor to Hgb)
  3. Hematocrit drops
48
Q

what happens to behavior during iron deficiency

A
  1. Impairs energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis
  2. Complete oxidation of pyruvate is impaired
  3. lazy/apathetic
49
Q

what is pica

A
  1. Symptom of Fe deficiency
  2. Craving and consumption of nonfood substances
  3. Worsens anemia
50
Q

what is pagophagia

A

craving for ice

51
Q

what is geophagia

A

craving for ceramic/chalky things

52
Q

what is amylophagia

A

uncooked starch

53
Q

what is hemochromatosis

A

Hereditary defect in Fe metabolism characterized by deposits of Fe-containing pigment in many tissues, with tissue damage
Hereditary Hemochromatosis is the most common genetic d/o in US

54
Q

what is the most common genetic disorder

A

hemochromatosis

55
Q

what are signs and symptoms of hemochromatosis

A

apathy, lethargy, fatigue, and liver damage

56
Q

what are some treatments for Fe toxicity

A

chelating agents; low iron intake; avoid high dose vitamin C

57
Q

what is the UL poisoning

A

45mg/day for adults

58
Q

who is at greatest risk for Fe poisoning

A

young children

59
Q

what are some symptoms for Fe poisoning

A

Nausea/Vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, dizziness, shock, confusion–> death probably due to heart failure, respiratory distress and internal bleeding

60
Q

Fe oxidizes

A

LDL

61
Q

what are the main sources of Fe

A
  1. MFP-meats, fish, poultry
  2. legumes
  3. eggs
  4. dark, green vegetables
  5. fruit
  6. Fe enriched foods bread/cereal but not absorbed as well as naturally occurring Fe, eat with Vitamin C or MFP
62
Q

what is a poor source of Fe

A

milk groups

63
Q

Vegetarians need __ times as much iron to make up for low bioavailability of iron in diet.

A

1.8

64
Q

who does not usually meet iron needs

A

women, because of higher requirements and decreased kcal needs

65
Q

Iron content in eggs can triple when

A

cooked in an iron skillet

66
Q

which is absorbed better: supplemental or from foods

A

from foods

67
Q

an empty or full stomach is better for Fe absorption

A

empty

68
Q

supplemental iron may cause

A

constipation

69
Q

should you take vitamin c with SUPPLEMENTAL iron

A

no need

70
Q

what does vitamin C do to iron

A

converts ferric iron to ferrous iron

71
Q

what are the RDAs for Fe

A

men: 8 mg/day
women: 18 mg/day (19-50yr), 8mg/day (51yr+)

72
Q

what is the upper level of iron

A

45 mg/day

73
Q

what are some significant sources of iron

A

red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried fruits

74
Q

what are iron toxicity symptoms

A

GI distress

75
Q

__ is a cofactor required by >100 enzymes

A

zinc

76
Q

what are some functions of zinc

A
  1. Cofactor required by >100 enzymes
  2. Supports work of proteins
  3. Helps protect from free radicals
  4. Growth & development (big time)
  5. Immune fx
  6. Synthesis, storage & release of insulin
  7. Interacts with platelets in blood clotting
  8. Affects thyroid hormone fx
  9. Influences behavior and learning performance
  10. Aids in producing retinal in visual pigments and RBP
  11. plays role in taste perception
  12. plays role in wound healing
  13. plays role in sperm production
  14. plays role in fetal development
77
Q

zinc absorption ranges from

A

15-40%

78
Q

As zinc intake increases, absorption

A

decreases & vice-versa

79
Q

what is the primary transport of zinc

A

albumin

80
Q

in addition to albumin, zinc also binds to

A

transferrin

81
Q

where is zinc lost

A

in feces, urine, shed skin, hair, sweat, menstrual fluids, semen

82
Q

Zinc deficiency is uncommon in developed countries, but accounts for 1 in 20 childhood deaths in

A

Africa, Asia and Latin America

83
Q

what are some results of zinc deficiency

A
  1. Severe growth retardation
  2. Hypogonadism
  3. Hinders digestion & absorption–>diarrhea worsening nutrient status & overall nutritional status
  4. Impaired immune system–> infections
  5. Chronic deficiency: damaged CNS, brain & poor motor development & cognitive performance
  6. Disturbed thyroid fx & metabolic rate
  7. Slows wound healing
84
Q

what other vitamin mimics zinc deficiency

A

A, zinc deficiency impairs vitamin A metabolism

85
Q

what are symptoms of Zn toxicity

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion @ 50 mg

86
Q

what is the UL for zinc

A

40mg

87
Q

in what foods is Zn found

A
  1. Protein rich foods
  2. Shellfish (Oysters)
  3. Meats
  4. Poultry
  5. Liver
  6. Legumes & whole grains
88
Q

what are the RDAs for Zn

A

men: 11mg/day
women: 8mg/day

Nutrition (8 decks)

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