Water and major minerals Flashcards
1
Q
what is intracellular fluid
A
Fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium & phosphate
2
Q
intracellular fluid is usually high in what chemical properties
A
potassium & phosphate
3
Q
where is intracellular fluid located
A
inside the cell
4
Q
what is extracellular fluid
A
Fluid outside the cells, about 1/3 of body water
5
Q
what is interstitial fluid
A
Fluid between cells, usually high in sodium & chloride
6
Q
what are the functions of water
A
- Carries nutrients & waste products throughout body
- Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins & glycogen
- Participates in metabolic reactions
- Serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose & many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities
- Maintains blood volume
- Acts as a lubricant & cushion around joint & inside the eyes, spinal cord, &, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb
- Aids in temperature regulation of normal body temperature
7
Q
water constitutes about __% of body weight of adult; more in children
A
60
8
Q
water is _-% of weight of lean tissue
A
75
9
Q
water is < __% of weight of adipose tissue
A
25
10
Q
Proportion of H20 is smaller in
A
females, obese, elderly
11
Q
thirst is sensed by
A
mouth, hypothalamus and nerves
12
Q
If H20 excessive then __ in stomach signal to stop drinking. __ signal to stop drinking as blood volume increases.
A
stretch receptors, Heart receptors
13
Q
what is the definition of dehydration
A
Condition in which body water output exceeds water input
14
Q
what are some symptoms of dehydration
A
thirst, dry skin & mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure & weakness
15
Q
what are some causes of dehydration
A
Water deprivation or excess loss aka sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
16
Q
what are the symptoms that go along with the four stages of dehydration
A
- thirst, fatigue, weakness, vague discomfort, loss of appetite
- impaired physical performance, dry mouth, reduction in urine, flushed skin, impatience, apathy
- difficulty concentrating, headache, irritability, sleepiness, impaired temperature regulation, increased respiratory rate
- dizziness, spastic muscles, loss of balance, delirium, exhaustion, collapse
17
Q
what is water intoxication
A
body water content is too high in all body fluid compartments
18
Q
what are the causes of water intoxication
A
water intake kidney disorders the reduce urine production resulting in hyponatremia
19
Q
what is hyponatremia
A
diluted sodium in the blood
20
Q
Fruits & vegetables are up to __% H20
A
90
21
Q
true or false: water is generated during metabolism
A
true
22
Q
what is the average daily total intake of water
A
2.5 L
23
Q
what is the usual amount of water lost due to urine output and to carry away waste products
A
500ml
24
Q
what are some sources that lose water
A
urine output, lungs as vapor, sweat, feces, average daily losses total 2.5 L
25
what is the highest source of water intake
beverages
26
what is the highest source of water output
kidneys(urine)
27
what is the average intake of water for mean and women
men are 3.7 L/day and women are 2.7L/day
28
how do fluids influence blood pressure
fluids maintain blood volume
29
what do the kidneys do
make urine, ridding waste and reabsorbing required substances
30
what hormones control blood volume and pressure
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin, renin, angiotensin and aldosterone.
31
what does RAAS stand for
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system
32
what is aldosterone's role
to hold onto sodium
33
how does the body regulate blood volume and blood pressure
RAAS
34
what is another name for ADH
vasopressin
35
what is released if blood volume or BP is too low or extracellular fluid is too concentrated
ADH
36
what is released if BP is too low
kidney cells release renin which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium which raises blood volume and BP
37
what hormone is involved in BP regulation that acts as a vasoconstrictor
angiotensin
38
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen (blood protein) to
angiotensin I
39
Another enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II resulting in
increased BP
40
Angiotensin stimulates the release of __ from the adrenal glands
aldosterone
41
Aldosterone signals kidneys to excrete more __ & retain more __ & therefore H20
K, Na
42
with is the fluid and electrolyte balance
Dissociation of salt in H20
43
When a mineral salt dissolves in water it dissociates into
ions
44
what are electrolytes
salts that dissociate into ions
45
what is mEq
concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution
46
Electrolytes attract
H20
47
Water molecule has a net charge of zero. But H ions slight __ charge; O ions slight __ charge
+, –
48
__ follows electrolytes
H20
49
outside the cell there is
Na & Cl-
50
inside the cell there is
K, Mg, Phosphate & Sulfate
51
true or false: cell membranes are selectively permeable
true
52
define osmosis
Movement of H20 across membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated
53
waits the concentration of K inside the cell
150
54
what is the concentration of Sodium outside the cell
142
55
in an electrolyte solution, water molecules are attracted to
both anions and cations
56
negative water molecules are drawn to the __ cation and the positive hydrogen atoms are drawn to
sodium, chloride ions
57
Minerals are __ elements, therefor they are/are not destroyed by heat, air, acid, or mixing
inorganic, are not
58
some foods contain __ that impact mineral bioavailability. two examples are phytates and oxalates that occur in foods of __ origin
binders, plant
59
similar to vitamins, an excess of a mineral can create an inadequacy of another, __ are often to blame
supplements
60
what are the sources of water
water, other foods, metabolism, and beverages
61
in order to retain Na to increase BP, the adrenal glands secrete
aldosterone
62
The release of ADH vasopressin occurs ion response to what
decreased extracellular volume
63
what element is most abundant in the cell
K
64
how do proteins regulate fluid and ion flow
proteins attract water
65
Transport proteins in cell membranes regulate passage of
+ ions & other substances
66
Water flows toward more ___ solution
concentrated
67
what is an example of proteins regulating fluid and ion flow
Example: Sodium potassium pump
Actively exchanges sodium for K across the cell membrane
Uses ATP as an energy source
68
in osmosis water flows
to the more concentrated solute
69
GI tract & kidneys regulate amount of
various minerals in the body
70
where does the GI tract get its mineral sources
foods, digestive juices of the GI tract
71
In intestine minerals are
reabsorbed or excreted
72
the kidneys control the __ content
water
73
Kidneys regulate __ by adrenal gland
electrolyte content
74
If body Na low: then
aldosterone stimulates Na reabsorption
75
what are the causes of electrolyte imbalance
severe prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating, burns, traumatic wounds
76
what are the most easily lost elements
Na & Cl-
77
how are Na and Cl- lost
Sweating, bleeding, excretion
| Due to extracellular
78
Different solutes lost by different routes & result in__ examples include
dehydration
1. DM: glucose & H20
2. Diarrhea & vomiting: Na
3. Oversecretion by adrenal glands: loss of K+
79
what can be used if an IV is not available
ORT (oral rehydration therapy)
1/2 L boiling water
4 tsp sugar
½ tsp of salt
80
Ions regulate
pH of bodily fluids
81
what are the three controls of acid-base balance
Buffers
Lungs
Kidneys
82
what are buffers and their examples
substances that keep a solution’s pH constant when acids or bases are added
1. Bicarbonate (base HCO3)
2. Carbonic acid (H2C03)
3. proteins
83
explain lung regulation
CO2 forms carbonic acid in the blood
If carbonic acid is too great -> increased respiration -> more C02 exhaled
If bicarbonate too great -> slowed respiration -> more C02 retained forming more carbonic acid
84
explain kidney regulation
Which ions are retained or excreted
Ex: Excrete or retain bicarbonate
Urine acidity fluctuates
85
carbon dioxide is a __ gas that quickly dissolves in water forming g__
volatile, carbonic acid
86
carbonic acid is readily dissociates to a __ ion and a __ion
hydrogen, bicarbonate
87
what is the difference between major and trace minerals
Present in body and needed in larger amounts
88
what are some aspects of inorganic minerals
Retain chemical identification – not changed into anything else
Not destroyed by heat, air, acid or mixing. Can leach into cooking H20
89
to what is the body's handling of minerals
water or fat soluble vitamins
90
Some foods contain binders which prevent
absorption
91
Ca excreted with high __ intake
Na
92
what are the varied roles of minerals
Fluid balance roles (Na, K, Cl-)
Bone growth roles (Ca, P, Mg)
Sulfate
93
what are the top three major minerals in the body in descending order
calcium, phosphorus, potassium
94
thirst and satiety are sensed by
the mouth, hypothalamus, and nerves
95
what are the functions of sodium
1. Principal cation of extracellular fluid
2. Primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume
3. Acid-base balance
4. Nerve transmission & muscle contraction
96
is sodium absorbed by the GI tract
yes
97
does sodium travel freely in the blood
yes
98
is sodium present in the excretion and reabsorption by the kidneys
yes
99
what are the minimum needs of sodium
500mg
100
what is the upper limit for sodium
2300mg
101
what is the DV for sodium
2400mg
102
what is the AI for sodium
1500mg
103
what is the average us intake of sodium
3400mg/day
104
2300mg of salt is equal to
1tsp
105
__ has greater impact on BP than Na or Cl alone.
Salt (NaCl)
106
Intake of __strong correlation with heart disease
NaCl
107
can salt restriction lower BP
yes
108
who has a higher risk of Hypertension with Na intake
those with:
1. Chronic kidney disease
2. DM
3. Those already with HTN
4. African Americans
5. Age > 40; Age > 51
6. Overweight
109
what is the DASH diet
1. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
2. Reduces BP in short time
3. Includes lots of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products. Includes fish, poultry and legumes,
4. Encourages a small amount of nuts and seeds a few times a week.
5. Red meats, sweets, and fats are included in small amounts.
6. Low in saturated fat, trans fat and total fat.
low in sodium
high in calcium, potassium and magnesium
110
what are some DASH specifics related to servings
1. Grains: 6 to 8 servings a day
2. Vegetables: 4 to 5 servings a day
3. Fruits: 4 to 5 servings a day
4. Dairy: 2 to 3 servings a day
5. Lean meat, poultry and fish: 6 one-ounce servings or fewer 6. Nuts, seeds and legumes: 4 to 5 servings a week
7. Fats and oils: 2 to 3 servings a day
8. Sweets: 5 servings or fewer a week
111
how is sodium intake related to osteoporosis
a high sodium intake will result in Ca excretion
112
what can be used to reduce the risk of osteoporosis with high Na intake
the DASH plan
113
the DASH diet is high in __ and low in __
sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium
114
__% of Na is added by manufacturers
75
115
__% of sodium is added from cooking and at the table
15
116
__% of sodium is naturally in foods
10
117
what is the chemical components of table salt
NaCl (table salt)
118
what is the chemical makeup of baking soda
NaHO3
119
what does processing do to foods containing potassium and sodium
it reduces the amount of potassium and increases the amount of sodium
120
when would there be a deficit of sodium
vomiting, sweating, diarrhea,
121
what can result of sodium toxicity
edema and HTN
122
what are the chief functions of sodium in the body
1. maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
| 2. assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
123
what are the deficiency symptoms and what do they occur from
not from inadequate intakes but hyponatremia
124
what is chloride
Cl-
Major anion of extracellular fluids
Occurs mostly with Na
125
can Cl- move freely across membranes
yes
126
Cl- associantes with __ in cells
K+
127
what does Cl- do
maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
128
Cl- is abundant in
processed foods
129
what is the upper level of Cl-
3600 mg/day
130
what are the chief functions of Cl- in the body
1. maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
2. is part of the hydrochloric acid founds in the stomach
3. is necessary for proper digestion
131
what are the toxicity symptoms of Cl-
vomiting
132
what are some functions of K+
1. Principle intracellular cation
2. Maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance
3. Cell integrity
4. Nerve transmission
5. Muscle contraction
133
where is potassium abundant
fresh foods
134
what is the AI for K+
4700mg for adults
135
what happens if there is a significant decrease in potassium in the body
HTN and increase risk of heart disease
136
a high K+ and low Na+ diet does what for the body
prevents and corrects HTN
137
what do K+ rich foods do
reduce risk of stroke
138
what is the most common electrolyte imbalance
a K+ deficiency
139
what is the result of K+ deficiency
Results in HTN, salt sensitivity, kidney stones and bone turnover.
Eventually causes irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness and glucose intolerance
140
what does K+ deficiency result from
diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged vomiting & diarrhea
Drugs, including diuretics, steroids, laxatives
Symptom: muscle weakness
141
does K+ toxicity occur from foods
no, there is no upper limit
142
what does K+ toxicity occur from
overconsumption of K+ salts and supplements
143
what do the kidneys do if K+ toxicity occurs
accelerate excretion
144
an injection of __ into a vein can stop the heart
K+
145
what foods are high in potassium
carrots, squash/corn, and bananas
146
what are some K+ deficiency symptoms
irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, and glucose intolerance
147
what is the most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
148
As bones form -->__ form crystals (hydroxyapatite) on collagen
Ca salts
149
what are some roles of Ca in body fluids
1. Blood pressure maintenance (DASH eating plan)
2. Muscle contraction
3. Blood clotting
4. Transmission of nerve impulses
5. Secretion of hormones
6. Activation of some enzyme reactions
7. Activates calmodulin
150
what is Ca balance
Maintained system or hormones and Vitamin D; response to alterations by intestines, bones and kidneys
151
what are some functions vitamin D
Enhances Ca absorption in intestines
| Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bones
152
what is calcitonin and some functions
Hormone from the thyroid gland that regulates blood Ca by lowering it when levels are too high
Inhibits action of Vit D
153
what is PTH and some of its functions
Hormone from parathyroid glands that regulate blood Ca by raising it when it falls too low
Stimulates action of Vit D
154
what does calcium do to Vitamin D
inhibits the activation of it
155
what does calcitonin do
1. prevents calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
2. limits calcium absorption in the intestines
3. inhibits osteoclast cells from breaking down bone, preventing the release of calcium
156
what is the ultimate goal of calcitonin
lower blood calcium levels
157
falling blood calcium levels signals the __ to secrete __
parathyroid glands, PTH
158
what does PTH do to vitamin D
stimulates the activation of it
159
__ and __ stimulate calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
vitamin D, PTH
160
vitamin D __ calcium absorption in the intestines
enhances
161
__ and __ stimulate osteoclast cells to break down bone, releasing calcium levels in the blood
vitamin D and PTH
162
what is calcium rigor and some symptoms
1. blood calcium levels are above normal
2. Muscles contract & cannot relax
3. Hardness or stiffness of muscles
163
what is calcium tetany and symptoms
1. blood levels are below normal
| 2. uncontrolled muscle contraction or spasms
164
__% of ingested Ca is absorbed
30
165
__ keeps Ca soluble
stomach acidity
166
Vit D makes
Ca-binding protein
167
what are some calcium absorption enhancers
1. Stomach acid
2. Vitamin D
3. Lactose (in infants)
4. Growth hormones
168
what are some Ca absorption inhibitors
1. Lack of stomach acid
2. Vitamin D deficiency
3. High phosphorus intake
4. High-fiber diet
5. Phytates
- Seeds, nuts, grains
6. Oxalates
- Beet greens, rhubarb, spinach, sweet potatoes
169
true or false: most American meet Ca needs
false
170
what are the servings for Ca
```
Milk & products (yogurt, cheese, dry milk powder)
2 c. children, adults
3 c. teens, pregnant & lactating
4 c. pregnant /lactating teens
1 c. = 300 mg
Calcium fortified products
```
171
what are some sources of Ca in foods
1. Tofu
2. Corn tortillas
3. Almonds
4. Sesame seeds
5. Mustard & turnip greens, bok choy, kale, parsley, watercress, broccoli
6. Spinach and Swiss chard are good sources but the Ca isn’t well absorbed
7. Seaweed
8. Fish with bones
9. Oysters
172
what are some foods that have 50% absorption rate of Ca
cauliflower, watercress, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, rutabaga, kale, mustard greens, boo chop, broccoli, turnip greens
173
what are some main sources of calcium
milk products and sardines
174
can osteoporosis be reversed
no
175
what increases calcium loss
hnighintakes of Na and protein
176
when is peak bone mass
12-30
177
what are some symptoms of Ca toxicity
constipation, increased risk of urinary stone formation, and kidney dysfunction
178
what is the second most abundant mineral in the body
phosphorus
179
85% of __ is bound with Ca in bones and teeth
phosphorus
180
what are some main sources of phosphorus
liver, yogurt, sunflower seeds
181
what are the chief functions of phosphorus in the body
1. mineralization of bones and teeth
2. part of every cell
3. important in genetic material
4. part of phospholipids
5. used innerly transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance
182
1/2 of magnesium in the body resides in the __, the remainder in the __ and 1% in __
bones, muscles/soft tissue, ECF
183
what are some functions of Mg
1. Bone health
2. Energy metabolism
3. Aids in making proteins
4. Enzyme systems
5. ATP metabolism
6. Glucose and synthesis of pro, fat & nucleic acids; and cell membrane transport
7. Inhibits muscle contractions
and blood clotting
8. Immune fx
9. Protects against HTN
184
what are Mg deficiency symptoms
1. Tetany
2. Impaired CNS
Weakness
Convulsions
Eye & face muscle movements
Hallucinations
3. Dysphagia
4. Growth failure
185
what are some sources of Mg
1. Legumes
2. Nuts
3. Whole grains
4. Seeds
5. Leafy green vegetables
6. Seafood
7. Chocolate
8. Cocoa
186
Mg toxicity is common/rare
rare
187
Mg toxicity results from
high intakes of non-food
188
what are some results of Mg toxicity
Diarrhea
Alkalosis
Dehydration
189
what is an unusual source of Mg
halibut
190
what is sulfate
Salt produced from oxidation of sulfur
191
where does sulfate occur
Occurs in essential nutrients
Methionine
Cysteine
192
what does sulfate do
Determines contour of protein molecules
Disulfide bridges
Skin, hair, nails
193
deficiencies in __ do not occur when diet contains protein
sulfate
