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Nutrition > Water and major minerals > Flashcards

Water and major minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what is intracellular fluid

A

Fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium & phosphate

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2
Q

intracellular fluid is usually high in what chemical properties

A

potassium & phosphate

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3
Q

where is intracellular fluid located

A

inside the cell

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4
Q

what is extracellular fluid

A

Fluid outside the cells, about 1/3 of body water

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5
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

Fluid between cells, usually high in sodium & chloride

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6
Q

what are the functions of water

A
  1. Carries nutrients & waste products throughout body
  2. Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins & glycogen
  3. Participates in metabolic reactions
  4. Serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose & many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities
  5. Maintains blood volume
  6. Acts as a lubricant & cushion around joint & inside the eyes, spinal cord, &, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb
  7. Aids in temperature regulation of normal body temperature
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7
Q

water constitutes about __% of body weight of adult; more in children

A

60

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8
Q

water is _-% of weight of lean tissue

A

75

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9
Q

water is < __% of weight of adipose tissue

A

25

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10
Q

Proportion of H20 is smaller in

A

females, obese, elderly

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11
Q

thirst is sensed by

A

mouth, hypothalamus and nerves

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12
Q

If H20 excessive then __ in stomach signal to stop drinking. __ signal to stop drinking as blood volume increases.

A

stretch receptors, Heart receptors

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13
Q

what is the definition of dehydration

A

Condition in which body water output exceeds water input

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14
Q

what are some symptoms of dehydration

A

thirst, dry skin & mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure & weakness

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15
Q

what are some causes of dehydration

A

Water deprivation or excess loss aka sweating, vomiting, diarrhea

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16
Q

what are the symptoms that go along with the four stages of dehydration

A
  1. thirst, fatigue, weakness, vague discomfort, loss of appetite
  2. impaired physical performance, dry mouth, reduction in urine, flushed skin, impatience, apathy
  3. difficulty concentrating, headache, irritability, sleepiness, impaired temperature regulation, increased respiratory rate
  4. dizziness, spastic muscles, loss of balance, delirium, exhaustion, collapse
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17
Q

what is water intoxication

A

body water content is too high in all body fluid compartments

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18
Q

what are the causes of water intoxication

A

water intake kidney disorders the reduce urine production resulting in hyponatremia

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19
Q

what is hyponatremia

A

diluted sodium in the blood

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20
Q

Fruits & vegetables are up to __% H20

A

90

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21
Q

true or false: water is generated during metabolism

A

true

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22
Q

what is the average daily total intake of water

A

2.5 L

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23
Q

what is the usual amount of water lost due to urine output and to carry away waste products

A

500ml

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24
Q

what are some sources that lose water

A

urine output, lungs as vapor, sweat, feces, average daily losses total 2.5 L

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25
Q

what is the highest source of water intake

A

beverages

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26
Q

what is the highest source of water output

A

kidneys(urine)

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27
Q

what is the average intake of water for mean and women

A

men are 3.7 L/day and women are 2.7L/day

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28
Q

how do fluids influence blood pressure

A

fluids maintain blood volume

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29
Q

what do the kidneys do

A

make urine, ridding waste and reabsorbing required substances

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30
Q

what hormones control blood volume and pressure

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin, renin, angiotensin and aldosterone.

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31
Q

what does RAAS stand for

A

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system

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32
Q

what is aldosterone’s role

A

to hold onto sodium

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33
Q

how does the body regulate blood volume and blood pressure

A

RAAS

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34
Q

what is another name for ADH

A

vasopressin

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35
Q

what is released if blood volume or BP is too low or extracellular fluid is too concentrated

A

ADH

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36
Q

what is released if BP is too low

A

kidney cells release renin which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium which raises blood volume and BP

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37
Q

what hormone is involved in BP regulation that acts as a vasoconstrictor

A

angiotensin

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38
Q

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen (blood protein) to

A

angiotensin I

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39
Q

Another enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II resulting in

A

increased BP

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40
Q

Angiotensin stimulates the release of __ from the adrenal glands

A

aldosterone

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41
Q

Aldosterone signals kidneys to excrete more __ & retain more __ & therefore H20

A

K, Na

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42
Q

with is the fluid and electrolyte balance

A

Dissociation of salt in H20

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43
Q

When a mineral salt dissolves in water it dissociates into

A

ions

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44
Q

what are electrolytes

A

salts that dissociate into ions

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45
Q

what is mEq

A

concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution

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46
Q

Electrolytes attract

A

H20

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47
Q

Water molecule has a net charge of zero. But H ions slight __ charge; O ions slight __ charge

A

+, –

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48
Q

__ follows electrolytes

A

H20

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49
Q

outside the cell there is

A

Na & Cl-

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50
Q

inside the cell there is

A

K, Mg, Phosphate & Sulfate

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51
Q

true or false: cell membranes are selectively permeable

A

true

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52
Q

define osmosis

A

Movement of H20 across membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated

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53
Q

waits the concentration of K inside the cell

A

150

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54
Q

what is the concentration of Sodium outside the cell

A

142

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55
Q

in an electrolyte solution, water molecules are attracted to

A

both anions and cations

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56
Q

negative water molecules are drawn to the __ cation and the positive hydrogen atoms are drawn to

A

sodium, chloride ions

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57
Q

Minerals are __ elements, therefor they are/are not destroyed by heat, air, acid, or mixing

A

inorganic, are not

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58
Q

some foods contain __ that impact mineral bioavailability. two examples are phytates and oxalates that occur in foods of __ origin

A

binders, plant

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59
Q

similar to vitamins, an excess of a mineral can create an inadequacy of another, __ are often to blame

A

supplements

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60
Q

what are the sources of water

A

water, other foods, metabolism, and beverages

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61
Q

in order to retain Na to increase BP, the adrenal glands secrete

A

aldosterone

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62
Q

The release of ADH vasopressin occurs ion response to what

A

decreased extracellular volume

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63
Q

what element is most abundant in the cell

A

K

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64
Q

how do proteins regulate fluid and ion flow

A

proteins attract water

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65
Q

Transport proteins in cell membranes regulate passage of

A

+ ions & other substances

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66
Q

Water flows toward more ___ solution

A

concentrated

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67
Q

what is an example of proteins regulating fluid and ion flow

A

Example: Sodium potassium pump
Actively exchanges sodium for K across the cell membrane
Uses ATP as an energy source

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68
Q

in osmosis water flows

A

to the more concentrated solute

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69
Q

GI tract & kidneys regulate amount of

A

various minerals in the body

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70
Q

where does the GI tract get its mineral sources

A

foods, digestive juices of the GI tract

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71
Q

In intestine minerals are

A

reabsorbed or excreted

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72
Q

the kidneys control the __ content

A

water

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73
Q

Kidneys regulate __ by adrenal gland

A

electrolyte content

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74
Q

If body Na low: then

A

aldosterone stimulates Na reabsorption

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75
Q

what are the causes of electrolyte imbalance

A

severe prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating, burns, traumatic wounds

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76
Q

what are the most easily lost elements

A

Na & Cl-

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77
Q

how are Na and Cl- lost

A

Sweating, bleeding, excretion

Due to extracellular

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78
Q

Different solutes lost by different routes & result in__ examples include

A

dehydration

  1. DM: glucose & H20
  2. Diarrhea & vomiting: Na
  3. Oversecretion by adrenal glands: loss of K+
79
Q

what can be used if an IV is not available

A

ORT (oral rehydration therapy)
1/2 L boiling water
4 tsp sugar
½ tsp of salt

80
Q

Ions regulate

A

pH of bodily fluids

81
Q

what are the three controls of acid-base balance

A

Buffers
Lungs
Kidneys

82
Q

what are buffers and their examples

A

substances that keep a solution’s pH constant when acids or bases are added

  1. Bicarbonate (base HCO3)
  2. Carbonic acid (H2C03)
  3. proteins
83
Q

explain lung regulation

A

CO2 forms carbonic acid in the blood
If carbonic acid is too great -> increased respiration -> more C02 exhaled
If bicarbonate too great -> slowed respiration -> more C02 retained forming more carbonic acid

84
Q

explain kidney regulation

A

Which ions are retained or excreted
Ex: Excrete or retain bicarbonate
Urine acidity fluctuates

85
Q

carbon dioxide is a __ gas that quickly dissolves in water forming g__

A

volatile, carbonic acid

86
Q

carbonic acid is readily dissociates to a __ ion and a __ion

A

hydrogen, bicarbonate

87
Q

what is the difference between major and trace minerals

A

Present in body and needed in larger amounts

88
Q

what are some aspects of inorganic minerals

A

Retain chemical identification – not changed into anything else
Not destroyed by heat, air, acid or mixing. Can leach into cooking H20

89
Q

to what is the body’s handling of minerals

A

water or fat soluble vitamins

90
Q

Some foods contain binders which prevent

A

absorption

91
Q

Ca excreted with high __ intake

A

Na

92
Q

what are the varied roles of minerals

A

Fluid balance roles (Na, K, Cl-)
Bone growth roles (Ca, P, Mg)
Sulfate

93
Q

what are the top three major minerals in the body in descending order

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium

94
Q

thirst and satiety are sensed by

A

the mouth, hypothalamus, and nerves

95
Q

what are the functions of sodium

A
  1. Principal cation of extracellular fluid
  2. Primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume
  3. Acid-base balance
  4. Nerve transmission & muscle contraction
96
Q

is sodium absorbed by the GI tract

A

yes

97
Q

does sodium travel freely in the blood

A

yes

98
Q

is sodium present in the excretion and reabsorption by the kidneys

A

yes

99
Q

what are the minimum needs of sodium

A

500mg

100
Q

what is the upper limit for sodium

A

2300mg

101
Q

what is the DV for sodium

A

2400mg

102
Q

what is the AI for sodium

A

1500mg

103
Q

what is the average us intake of sodium

A

3400mg/day

104
Q

2300mg of salt is equal to

A

1tsp

105
Q

__ has greater impact on BP than Na or Cl alone.

A

Salt (NaCl)

106
Q

Intake of __strong correlation with heart disease

A

NaCl

107
Q

can salt restriction lower BP

A

yes

108
Q

who has a higher risk of Hypertension with Na intake

A

those with:

  1. Chronic kidney disease
  2. DM
  3. Those already with HTN
  4. African Americans
  5. Age > 40; Age > 51
  6. Overweight
109
Q

what is the DASH diet

A
  1. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
  2. Reduces BP in short time
  3. Includes lots of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products. Includes fish, poultry and legumes,
  4. Encourages a small amount of nuts and seeds a few times a week.
  5. Red meats, sweets, and fats are included in small amounts.
  6. Low in saturated fat, trans fat and total fat.
    low in sodium
    high in calcium, potassium and magnesium
110
Q

what are some DASH specifics related to servings

A
  1. Grains: 6 to 8 servings a day
  2. Vegetables: 4 to 5 servings a day
  3. Fruits: 4 to 5 servings a day
  4. Dairy: 2 to 3 servings a day
  5. Lean meat, poultry and fish: 6 one-ounce servings or fewer 6. Nuts, seeds and legumes: 4 to 5 servings a week
  6. Fats and oils: 2 to 3 servings a day
  7. Sweets: 5 servings or fewer a week
111
Q

how is sodium intake related to osteoporosis

A

a high sodium intake will result in Ca excretion

112
Q

what can be used to reduce the risk of osteoporosis with high Na intake

A

the DASH plan

113
Q

the DASH diet is high in __ and low in __

A

sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium

114
Q

__% of Na is added by manufacturers

A

75

115
Q

__% of sodium is added from cooking and at the table

A

15

116
Q

__% of sodium is naturally in foods

A

10

117
Q

what is the chemical components of table salt

A

NaCl (table salt)

118
Q

what is the chemical makeup of baking soda

A

NaHO3

119
Q

what does processing do to foods containing potassium and sodium

A

it reduces the amount of potassium and increases the amount of sodium

120
Q

when would there be a deficit of sodium

A

vomiting, sweating, diarrhea,

121
Q

what can result of sodium toxicity

A

edema and HTN

122
Q

what are the chief functions of sodium in the body

A
  1. maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance

2. assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

123
Q

what are the deficiency symptoms and what do they occur from

A

not from inadequate intakes but hyponatremia

124
Q

what is chloride

A

Cl-
Major anion of extracellular fluids
Occurs mostly with Na

125
Q

can Cl- move freely across membranes

A

yes

126
Q

Cl- associantes with __ in cells

A

K+

127
Q

what does Cl- do

A

maintains fluid and electrolyte balance

128
Q

Cl- is abundant in

A

processed foods

129
Q

what is the upper level of Cl-

A

3600 mg/day

130
Q

what are the chief functions of Cl- in the body

A
  1. maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
  2. is part of the hydrochloric acid founds in the stomach
  3. is necessary for proper digestion
131
Q

what are the toxicity symptoms of Cl-

A

vomiting

132
Q

what are some functions of K+

A
  1. Principle intracellular cation
  2. Maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance
  3. Cell integrity
  4. Nerve transmission
  5. Muscle contraction
133
Q

where is potassium abundant

A

fresh foods

134
Q

what is the AI for K+

A

4700mg for adults

135
Q

what happens if there is a significant decrease in potassium in the body

A

HTN and increase risk of heart disease

136
Q

a high K+ and low Na+ diet does what for the body

A

prevents and corrects HTN

137
Q

what do K+ rich foods do

A

reduce risk of stroke

138
Q

what is the most common electrolyte imbalance

A

a K+ deficiency

139
Q

what is the result of K+ deficiency

A

Results in HTN, salt sensitivity, kidney stones and bone turnover.
Eventually causes irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness and glucose intolerance

140
Q

what does K+ deficiency result from

A

diabetic acidosis, dehydration, prolonged vomiting & diarrhea
Drugs, including diuretics, steroids, laxatives
Symptom: muscle weakness

141
Q

does K+ toxicity occur from foods

A

no, there is no upper limit

142
Q

what does K+ toxicity occur from

A

overconsumption of K+ salts and supplements

143
Q

what do the kidneys do if K+ toxicity occurs

A

accelerate excretion

144
Q

an injection of __ into a vein can stop the heart

A

K+

145
Q

what foods are high in potassium

A

carrots, squash/corn, and bananas

146
Q

what are some K+ deficiency symptoms

A

irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, and glucose intolerance

147
Q

what is the most abundant mineral in the body

A

calcium

148
Q

As bones form –>__ form crystals (hydroxyapatite) on collagen

A

Ca salts

149
Q

what are some roles of Ca in body fluids

A
  1. Blood pressure maintenance (DASH eating plan)
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Blood clotting
  4. Transmission of nerve impulses
  5. Secretion of hormones
  6. Activation of some enzyme reactions
  7. Activates calmodulin
150
Q

what is Ca balance

A

Maintained system or hormones and Vitamin D; response to alterations by intestines, bones and kidneys

151
Q

what are some functions vitamin D

A

Enhances Ca absorption in intestines

Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bones

152
Q

what is calcitonin and some functions

A

Hormone from the thyroid gland that regulates blood Ca by lowering it when levels are too high
Inhibits action of Vit D

153
Q

what is PTH and some of its functions

A

Hormone from parathyroid glands that regulate blood Ca by raising it when it falls too low
Stimulates action of Vit D

154
Q

what does calcium do to Vitamin D

A

inhibits the activation of it

155
Q

what does calcitonin do

A
  1. prevents calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
  2. limits calcium absorption in the intestines
  3. inhibits osteoclast cells from breaking down bone, preventing the release of calcium
156
Q

what is the ultimate goal of calcitonin

A

lower blood calcium levels

157
Q

falling blood calcium levels signals the __ to secrete __

A

parathyroid glands, PTH

158
Q

what does PTH do to vitamin D

A

stimulates the activation of it

159
Q

__ and __ stimulate calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

A

vitamin D, PTH

160
Q

vitamin D __ calcium absorption in the intestines

A

enhances

161
Q

__ and __ stimulate osteoclast cells to break down bone, releasing calcium levels in the blood

A

vitamin D and PTH

162
Q

what is calcium rigor and some symptoms

A
  1. blood calcium levels are above normal
  2. Muscles contract & cannot relax
  3. Hardness or stiffness of muscles
163
Q

what is calcium tetany and symptoms

A
  1. blood levels are below normal

2. uncontrolled muscle contraction or spasms

164
Q

__% of ingested Ca is absorbed

A

30

165
Q

__ keeps Ca soluble

A

stomach acidity

166
Q

Vit D makes

A

Ca-binding protein

167
Q

what are some calcium absorption enhancers

A
  1. Stomach acid
  2. Vitamin D
  3. Lactose (in infants)
  4. Growth hormones
168
Q

what are some Ca absorption inhibitors

A
  1. Lack of stomach acid
  2. Vitamin D deficiency
  3. High phosphorus intake
  4. High-fiber diet
  5. Phytates
    - Seeds, nuts, grains
  6. Oxalates
    - Beet greens, rhubarb, spinach, sweet potatoes
169
Q

true or false: most American meet Ca needs

A

false

170
Q

what are the servings for Ca

A 
Milk &amp; products (yogurt, cheese, dry milk powder)
2 c. children, adults
3 c. teens, pregnant &amp; lactating
4 c. pregnant /lactating teens
1 c. = 300 mg
Calcium fortified products
171
Q

what are some sources of Ca in foods

A
  1. Tofu
  2. Corn tortillas
  3. Almonds
  4. Sesame seeds
  5. Mustard & turnip greens, bok choy, kale, parsley, watercress, broccoli
  6. Spinach and Swiss chard are good sources but the Ca isn’t well absorbed
  7. Seaweed
  8. Fish with bones
  9. Oysters
172
Q

what are some foods that have 50% absorption rate of Ca

A

cauliflower, watercress, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, rutabaga, kale, mustard greens, boo chop, broccoli, turnip greens

173
Q

what are some main sources of calcium

A

milk products and sardines

174
Q

can osteoporosis be reversed

A

no

175
Q

what increases calcium loss

A

hnighintakes of Na and protein

176
Q

when is peak bone mass

A

12-30

177
Q

what are some symptoms of Ca toxicity

A

constipation, increased risk of urinary stone formation, and kidney dysfunction

178
Q

what is the second most abundant mineral in the body

A

phosphorus

179
Q

85% of __ is bound with Ca in bones and teeth

A

phosphorus

180
Q

what are some main sources of phosphorus

A

liver, yogurt, sunflower seeds

181
Q

what are the chief functions of phosphorus in the body

A
  1. mineralization of bones and teeth
  2. part of every cell
  3. important in genetic material
  4. part of phospholipids
  5. used innerly transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance
182
Q

1/2 of magnesium in the body resides in the __, the remainder in the __ and 1% in __

A

bones, muscles/soft tissue, ECF

183
Q

what are some functions of Mg

A
  1. Bone health
  2. Energy metabolism
  3. Aids in making proteins
  4. Enzyme systems
  5. ATP metabolism
  6. Glucose and synthesis of pro, fat & nucleic acids; and cell membrane transport
  7. Inhibits muscle contractions
    and blood clotting
  8. Immune fx
  9. Protects against HTN
184
Q

what are Mg deficiency symptoms

A
  1. Tetany
  2. Impaired CNS
    Weakness
    Convulsions
    Eye & face muscle movements
    Hallucinations
  3. Dysphagia
  4. Growth failure
185
Q

what are some sources of Mg

A
  1. Legumes
  2. Nuts
  3. Whole grains
  4. Seeds
  5. Leafy green vegetables
  6. Seafood
  7. Chocolate
  8. Cocoa
186
Q

Mg toxicity is common/rare

A

rare

187
Q

Mg toxicity results from

A

high intakes of non-food

188
Q

what are some results of Mg toxicity

A

Diarrhea
Alkalosis
Dehydration

189
Q

what is an unusual source of Mg

A

halibut

190
Q

what is sulfate

A

Salt produced from oxidation of sulfur

191
Q

where does sulfate occur

A

Occurs in essential nutrients
Methionine
Cysteine

192
Q

what does sulfate do

A

Determines contour of protein molecules
Disulfide bridges
Skin, hair, nails

193
Q

deficiencies in __ do not occur when diet contains protein

A

sulfate

Nutrition (8 decks)

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