Carbohydrates-EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the primary role of carbohydrates
A
to supply energy by conversion to glucose
2
Q
what sugars are simple
A
monosaccharides and disaccharides
3
Q
what sugars are complex
A
polysaccharides
4
Q
what atoms are in a carbohydrate
A
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
5
Q
how many carbon, hydrogen, a and oxygen atoms are in a carbohydrate molecule?
A
6, 12, 6
6
Q
what is the sweetest sugar
A
fructose
7
Q
what is the fruit sugar
A
fructose
8
Q
glucose is also called
A
dextrose
9
Q
what sugar is seldom free ion nature
A
galactose
10
Q
what sugar is part of lactose
A
galactose
11
Q
what does sucrose consist of
A
glucose and fructose
12
Q
what does lactose consist of
A
glucose and galactose
13
Q
what does maltose consist of
A
glucose and glucose
14
Q
all disaccharides have
A
glucose
15
Q
what is lactose intolerance
A
the inability to break down a lactose disaccharide
16
Q
what does condensation do
A
links 2 monosaccharides together
17
Q
what does hydrolysis do
A
breaks a disaccharide in two
18
Q
polysaccharides are composed mainly of
A
glucose units
19
Q
what saccharide should contribute to 45-60% of caloric intake
A
polysaccharide
20
Q
what polysaccharide serves as a storage form of glucose in plants
A
starch
21
Q
what polysaccharide serves as a form of glucose storage in animals
A
glycogen
22
Q
where is glycogen stored in animals
A
in the liver and muscle
23
Q
how does glycogen occur
A
through a condensation reaction
24
Q
what is the richest food source
A
grains
25
what is the structural part of plants
fiber
26
phytates can bind some
minerals
27
what minerals can phytates bind
Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Cu
28
what are some examples of fibers
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages, lignins
29
can humans digest cellulose?
no
30
what fibers are more fermentable
soluble
31
where are fermentable fibers digested
the colon
32
what are functional fibers
if a fiber is used as a supplement
33
what are some functions of viscous/soluble dietary fiber
1. helps with heart disease/diabetes/weight control
2. controls blood lipids and CVD
3. decreases cholesterol- binds bile acids
4. decreases the rate of glucose absorption-diabetes
5. delays gastric emptying
6. also used to treat diarrhea
34
what kind of dietary fiber is used in food prep to thicken jellies
viscous/soluble
35
what are some functions of insoluble dietary fiber
1. helps with GI health
2. decreases transit time in the small intestine
3. prevents colon cancer, appendicitis, diverticulitis, hemorrhoids
36
what whole grain products provide 1-2 g of fiber per serving
1 slice of whole wheat, pumpernickel or rye.
1 oz of cereal
1/2 cooked barley, bulgar, grits, or oatmeal
37
most vegetable contain__ grams of fiber per serving
2-3
38
what vegetables provide 2-3 g of fiber per serving
1 cup raw bean sprouts
1/2 cooked broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, etc.
1/2 chopped raw carrots or peppers.
39
fresh, frozen, and dried fruits have about __ g of fiber per serving
2
40
what fruits provide 2 g of fiber per serving
1 medium apple, banana, kiwi, nectarine, orange pear
| 1/2 cup of applesauce, blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, strawberries
41
many legumes provide about __ g of fiber per serving
6-8
42
what legumes proved 6-8 g of fiber per serving
1/2 cup cooked beans
43
what are dextrins
short chains of glucose units resulting from starch breakdown
44
where does most carbohydrate digestion occur
in the small intestine
45
what is the role of pancreatic amylase
to break down polysaccharide chains
46
what popular sweeteners have both fructose and glucose
honey and sugar
47
what are the end products of carbohydrate digestion
monosaccharides
48
monosaccharides travel to the __ via the __ after carbohydrate digestion
liver, portal vein
49
__ and __ share metabolic pathways with glucose
galactose, fructose
50
what monosaccharide is a key player in carbohydrate metabolism
glucose
51
glucose is stored as
glycogen
52
where is glycogen stored
in the liver
53
what is the ultimate goal of carb digestion
the absorption of glucose
54
what monosaccharide fuels most of the body's cells
glucose
55
what is the definition of lactose intolerance
the inability to digest lactose due to lack of the enzyme lactase
56
what causes lactose intolerance
the lack of the lactase enzyme can be due to intestinal damage
57
what is the term pertaining to an immune response to the protein in milk
a milk allergy
58
what are some symptoms of lactose intolerance
gas, pain or cramps in the lower belly, gurgling sounds, loose stools, diarrhea, bloating
59
what happens in the intestine during lactose intolerance
lactose molecules remain in the intestine attracting H2O
60
how many pounds of sugar a year do Americans consume
about 100
61
how much energy intake should sugar be
5-10%
62
what effects does a diet rich in complex CHO and Fiber have on a body
it is lower in fat, lower in energy, higher in vitamins and minerals
63
what is the optimal functioning range for blood glucose
80-100mg/dL
64
at what blood glucose range does hunger occur
60-65mg/L
65
what parts of the body use glucose as an exclusive fuel source
the brain and nervous system
66
what organ responds to changes in blood glucose levels
the pancreas
67
if glucose levels are high, __ n the pancreas secrete __
beta cells, insulin
68
__ is a hormone that acts to take glucose out of the blood and deposit it into cells
insulin
69
what organ responds to changes in glucose levels
the pancreas
70
how does the body respond to low glucose levels
alpha cells secrete glucagon
71
__ is a hormone that brings glucose out of storage form in the liver
glucagon
72
epinephrine is secreted by
the adrenal gland
73
Muscle and liver take extra glucose and store long chains in the form of
glycogen
74
true or false: glycogen ca be converted back to glucose
true
75
the storage form of glucose is primarily in the
liver and muscles
76
the emergency energy reserve of glycogen is in the
brain
77
glucose is the fuel required by
the brain, nerve cells, and developing RBCs
78
what happens to blood glucose after a high CHO meal
it rises and glucose enters cells through action of insulin
79
where does glycogenesis occur
in the liver
80
what is glycogenesis
excess glucose molecules link through condensation reaction to form glycogen
81
what is glycogenolysis
the liver breaks down glycogen through hydrolysis
82
if CHO is not eaten what happens in the body
the body devours its own proteins
83
what conditions can occur when blood glucose regulation fails
diabetes, hypoglycemia
84
what is polyphagia
excessive eating
85
what his polydipsia
excessive thirst
86
what is polyuria
excessive urination
87
what are some causes of hyperglycemia
too much food, too little insulin or diabetes medicine, illness or stress
88
is hyperglycemia sudden or gradual
gradual, could resulting diabetic coma
89
is hypoglycemia sudden or gradual
sudden, may progress to insulin shock
90
what are some symptoms of hyperglycemia
extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea
91
what are some symptoms of hypoglycemia
shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, dizziness, anxious, hunger, impaired vision, weakness/fatigue, headache, irritable
92
what are two other names for type 1 diabetes
juvenile onset, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
93
is type one more common or less common
less
94
what is the body's issue with diabetes type 1
the pancreas is unable to synthesize insulin
95
how does one help with type 1 diabetes
injection of insulin is needed for cells to take up blood sugar it cannot be taken orally
96
what is the most common form of diabetes
type 2
97
what is the old name for type 2 diabetes
adult onset
98
what is the body's issue with type 2 diabetes
the cells are resistant to insulin
99
what is a major factor of type 2
obesity
100
what type of diabetes increases risk with age
type 2
101
what are some effects of diabetes
1. diseases of the blood vessels and nerves
2. 80% of people with diabetes die as a result of CV disease
3. Impaired circulation-strokes/heart attacks
4. impaired vision
5. loss of sensation of limbs
6. infections- bacteria feed on glucose-rich blood
102
protein to glucose is called
gluconeogenesis
103
what are ways to help manage type 1
diet, exercise, insulin, carb counting, provide even amounts of carbs throughout the day
104
what are ways to help manage type 2
weight control, provide even amounts of carbs throughout the day, carb counting, decreases fat intake unless monounsaturated fats
105
what are three diet for diabetes methods
the plate method, carb counting, and exchange lists
106
what is the normal recommendation of carbs per meal
45-60g
107
1 piece of bread or 1/2 cup of pasta or rice are __ grams of CHO
15
108
1/2 of starchy vegetables are __ g of CHO
15
109
1/2 of cooked or raw veggies are __ g of CHO
5g
110
1 small fruit or 1/2 cup is __ g of CHO
15
111
1 cup of milk or milk products is __g of CHO
12
112
proteins foods and fats/oiils have how many g of CHO
0`
113
diets rich in complex CHOs decrease the risk of
heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, and GI disorders
114
CHO consists of __-__% of kcals
45-65
115
the RDA is __g of CHO
130g/day
116
__% or less of concentrate sugar should come from CHO
10
117
the ACS recommends __-__g CHO daily
20-35
118
define glycemic effect of food
Extent to which a food raises blood glucose concentration and elicits an insulin response
119
the glycemic effect of food depends on
1. digestibility of starch
2. interaction of starch and protein
3. amount of starch and protein
4. other constituents that may bind starch
5. consistency of food
6. combination of foods eaten at one time
120
define the glycemic index
the method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose
121
true or false: the glycemic index is relevant with mixed meals
false
122
what is the best way to control total energy intake
glycemic index
123
what are some effects of dietary protein
glucagon secretion, opposes insulin and helps maintain BS within a normal range
124
what re some sugar alternatives
sugar alcohols, stevia, artificial sweeteners such as aspartame
125
what sugar alternative provides half as much energy as sucrose but is not as sweet
sugar alcohols
126
what is a downside to sugar alcohols
may cause diarrhea because they sit in the intestines for extended time and draws water
127
what is a benefit of sugar alcohols
they do not contribute to dental cavities
128
what sugar alternative is used in chewing gum
sugar alcohols
129
what sugar alternative is an herbal product and is generally recognized as safe
stevia
130
what are two examples of artifice sweeteners
saccharin and aspartame
131
what are two added benefits of artifice sweeteners
no added energy and do not contribute to dental cavities
132
what artificial sweetener was removed from the list of cancer causing substances in 2000
saccharin
133
aspartame contains __ an amino acid
Phenylalanine
134
what is Phenylketonuria
a disease in which people cannot metabolize PHE
135
what is a result of phenylketonuria
Accumulation is toxic to the developing nervous system and causes irreversible brain damage
