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Nutrition > Lipids-EXAM 2 > Flashcards

Lipids-EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are a family of compounds including

A

fats, oils, phospholipids, sterols, and triglycerides

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2
Q

what is a lipid profile and what is included in it

A

results of a blood test revealing Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides

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3
Q

what lipids are most abundant

A

triglycerides

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4
Q

what composes about 95% of lipids

A

triglycerides

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5
Q

what is the backbone of triglycerides

A

glycerol

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6
Q

what does saturated mean

A

full of hydrogens

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7
Q

what does unsaturated mean

A

missing hydrogens

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8
Q

what are Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

A

18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids

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9
Q

what are triglycerides composed of

A

a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

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10
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

a series of condensation reactions

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11
Q

what are the 6 types of fat

A

saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, hydrogenated fat, cis fats, and trans fats

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12
Q

all carbons must have __ bonds

A

4

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13
Q

a __ bond is the point of unsaturation

A

double

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14
Q

saturated fatty acids are fully loaded with

A

H

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15
Q

do saturated fatty acids have double bonds?

A

no

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16
Q

what are some examples of saturated fatty acids

A

butter, lard and palm and coconut oils

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17
Q

how many double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids have

A

1

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18
Q

what oils are monounsaturated fats

A

olive, canola, and peanut

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19
Q

how many double bonds do polyunsaturated fatty acids have

A

2 or more

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20
Q

what are examples of linoleic acid

A

sunflower, safflower, cornea nd soybean oil

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21
Q

what are examples of linolenic acid

A

fish, flaxseed, soybean, canola, and walnut oil

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22
Q

what acid is an 18 carbon chain with 2 double bonds

A

linoleic acid

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23
Q

what acid is common in vegetable oils and meats

A

linoleic acids

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24
Q

what acid is essential to form omega 6 fatty acids

A

linoleum acid

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25
Q

only__ have cholesterol

A

animal products

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26
Q

what is the good fatty acid

A

linolenic

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27
Q

what are examples of linolenic fatty acids

A

soybeans, walnuts, canola, soybean oil

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28
Q

what fatty acid is essential to form omega 3 fatty acids which are essential to normal growth and development and may prevent/treat heart disease, hypertension, cancer, arthritis

A

linolenic

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29
Q

what are sources of Linolenic fatty acid

A

human milk, fish, and shellfish

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30
Q

what is the recommended intake of cholesterol

A

300mg

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31
Q

what is EPA

A

Eicosapentaenoic acid

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32
Q

what is DHA

A

Docosahexaenoic acid

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33
Q

what are characteristics of solid fats and oils

A

hydrogenation and trans-fatty acids

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34
Q

what are the roles of lipids

A

unlimited storage of energy, provides 60% of resting energy expenditure, insulation, cell integrity, absorption of fat soluble vitamins, lecithins and phospholipids act as emulsifying agents, cholesterol forms part of the cell membranes

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35
Q

fatty acids make phospholipids __ in fat

A

soluble

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36
Q

the phosphate group in phospholipids allows __ in water

A

solubility

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37
Q

__are used as emulsifiers in the food industry

A

phospholipids

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38
Q

where are phospholipids found naturally

A

eggs, soybeans, liver, peanuts, and wheat germ

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39
Q

where are phospholipids made

A

in the liver

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40
Q

__ provides 9 kcal per gram

A

phospholipids

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41
Q

phospholipids are destroyed by __ when taken orally

A

lecithinase

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42
Q

what are sterols

A

Compounds composed of C,H,O atoms arranged in rings with any variety of side chains attached

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43
Q

what re some examples of sterols

A

cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, vitamin D

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44
Q

true or false: Both plant and animal food sources contain sterols

A

true

45
Q

where is cholesterol produced

A

in the liver

46
Q

what s the structural component of cell membranes

A

cholesterol

47
Q

what is the starting material for other compounds

A

cholesterol

48
Q

what can cause atherosclerosis

A

excess amounts of cholesterol deposit in the artery walls

49
Q

true or false: Using margarine instead of butter will help lower my cholesterol.

A

false

50
Q

do thin people have to worry about cholesterol

A

yes

51
Q

do women have to worry about high cholesterol

A

yes, especially around menopause

52
Q

true or false: You don’t need to have your cholesterol checked until you reach middle age.

A

false

53
Q

fats are __and separate from water-based digestive juices

A

hydrophobic

54
Q

enzymes are hydro-

A

philic

55
Q

__ and __ acids serve to emulsify fats so enzymes can get to them

A

phospholipids and bile acids

56
Q

what enzyme starts lipid breakdown in the mouth

A

lingual lipase

57
Q

what helps to breakdown ladies ion the stomach

A

strong muscle contractions and gastric lipase

58
Q

during absorption, __ are hydrolyzed and fatty acids merge into spherical complexes called

A

triglycerides, micelles

59
Q

what happens to the glycerol and short chain fatty acids during absorption

A

they are absorbed directly into the blood via the portal vein

60
Q

TG and other large lipids are clustered together in intestinal cells to form a lipoprotein called a

A

chylomicron

61
Q

chylomicron is transported via the __

A

lymph

62
Q

what do chylomicron do

A

Chylomicrons transport fats to all cells of the body which remove what is needed, leaving a remnant to be recycled by the liver

63
Q

what are the largest and least dense liipiproteins

A

chylomicrons

64
Q

what is the role of chylomicrons

A

to transport diet-derived liipids

65
Q

where are very low density lipoproteins made

A

in the liver

66
Q

what are the four main types of lipoproteins

A

chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins

67
Q

what types of lipoproteins do cells need

A

slow density

68
Q

what is the role of low density lipoprotein

A

liver regulation

69
Q

what is the role of high-density lipoprotein

A

remove cholesterol from cells, carries cholesterol to the liver for recycling, and has anti-inflammatory properties

70
Q

VDLDs shrink as cells remove TG and become a

A

LDL

71
Q

special __ receptors on the liver cells are crucial in the control of blood cholesterol concentration by removing LDL from circulation

A

LDL

72
Q

you want __L to be high and __L to be low

A

HDL, LDL

73
Q

what will increase you r HDL

A

exercise

74
Q

eating saturated fat will increase your chances of

A

heart disease

75
Q

what are the recommended numbers of LDL in the blood

A

less than 130mg/dL

76
Q

what is the “good cholesterol”

A

HDL

77
Q

what lipoprotein is high in protein

A

HDL

78
Q

the liver makes __ packages to carry cholesterol and other lipids back to the liver for recycling and disposal

A

HDL

79
Q

what are the recommended levels of HDL

A

more than 45 mg/dL

80
Q

what increases your HDL

A

monounsaturated fats, soluble fibers, exercise, weight control, and antioxidants

81
Q

true or false: HDL carries cholesterol

A

true, but ultimately results in cholesterol removal from the body

82
Q

what lipoprotein has a protective effect against heart attack

A

HDL

83
Q

saturated fats raise __ cholesterol

A

LDL

84
Q

Trans fats raise __ and lower

A

LDL, HDL

85
Q

__lower cholesterol and heart disease

A

Omega 3 fatty acids

86
Q

true or false: dietary fat can promote cancer

A

true

87
Q

what is the general term for all the diseases of the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular disease (CDV)

88
Q

what is the most common form of CDV

A

coronary heart disease(CDH)

89
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

the accumulation of plaques on the inner wall of the artery

90
Q

what are two effects that CHD includes

A

atherosclerosis, and HTN(high blood pressure)

91
Q

what are the four stages of the development of atherosclerosis

A

plaques, blood clots, blood flow decreases, blood pressure rises

92
Q

what do plaques do to the arteries

A

stiffen and narrows them

93
Q

what is a major factor of plaque formation

A

a diet high in saturated fat

94
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

ballooning out of artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration

95
Q

what are some risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

high blood lipids, heredity, glucose intolerance/diabetes, HTN, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, lack of estrogen

96
Q

how much fat do we need

A

3% of total kcals to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency

97
Q

linolenic is

A

omega 3

98
Q

__ acids are good for anticlotting

A

linolenic

99
Q

according to the DRI ___ of daily energy should come from linoleic acid and __ of lnolenic acid

A

5-10%, .6-1.2%

100
Q

what is the top dietary determinant of LDL cholesterol

A

meats, whole milk products, and tropical oils

101
Q

is 0 saturated fat possible

A

no

102
Q

__ fat increases LDL

A

trans fat

103
Q

how do you control trans fat intake

A

limit hydrogenated foods

104
Q

what are two health effects of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol

A

cancer and obesity

105
Q

linoleic acid is inked to Omega-__fatty acid and sources include

A

6, vegetables oils and meats

106
Q

linolenic acid is linked to Omega-__ fatty acid

A

3

107
Q

can omega 3 be made in the body

A

no it must be suppled by food

108
Q

describe the mediterranean diet

A

low in saturated fat, very low in trans fat, rich in unsaturated fat, rich in complex carbohydrate and fiber, and rich in nutrients and phytochemicals

109
Q

saturated fatty acids raise blood cholesterol levels as must as cholesterol itself T/F

A

true

Nutrition (8 decks)

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