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Nutrition > Protein chapter > Flashcards

Protein chapter Flashcards

1
Q

what are the compounds of protein

A

C,H,O, and N

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2
Q

proteins are arranged into __ and linked in a chain

A

amino acids

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3
Q

what re the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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4
Q

what are the three properties of amino acids

A

amino group, acid group, and hydrogen

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5
Q

how many AA are there and how many are considered essential

A

20, 9

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6
Q

what are four examples of amino acids

A

glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine

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7
Q

AA are connected by

A

peptide bonds

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8
Q

oligopeptide are how many AA

A

4-10

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9
Q

polypeptides are how many AA

A

more than ten

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10
Q

what are some examples of denaturation of proteins

A

cooking of an egg, culling of milk, stiffening of egg whites

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11
Q

where does protein digestion begin

A

in the stomach

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12
Q

__ causes pepsinogen to convert to pepsin

A

HCL

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13
Q

pepsinogen is a

A

enzyme

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14
Q

larger proteins are broken down in to

A

smaller polypeptides and AA

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15
Q

unused amino acids are transported to

A

the liver

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16
Q

__ AA supplements are not as well utilized and absorbed as whole food proteins

A

Hydrolyzed

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17
Q

where is protein broken down into AA

A

the small intestine

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18
Q

what happens after proteins are broken down in the small intestine

A

they are transferred to pumps by active transport which carry them for passage into the blood

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19
Q

where are excess AA transported to

A

the liver

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20
Q

__ are broken down like any protein

A

exogenous

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21
Q

what kind of AA are not well utilized

A

hydrolyzed

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22
Q

what is DNA

A

amino acid sequencing

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23
Q

what are some effects of sickle cell

A

patients are very tired and have a lot of illnesses

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24
Q

can the body synthesize essential AA in adequate amounts

A

no

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25
Q

Protein in food provides AA for the body to make__

A

it’s own proteins

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26
Q

T/F: You have to get all nine essential AA and kind of at the same time in order for them to work in your body

A

TRUE

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27
Q

T/F: As long as you get the essential you can make your own non essential

A

true

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28
Q

what is limiting AA

A

not getting all the essential AA

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29
Q

what kinds of proteins are complete

A

animal (except gelatin) and plant is variable

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30
Q

what is the reference protein by which we measure the quality of other protein

A

egg

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31
Q

egg Has a biological value of

A

100

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32
Q

egg preteen refers to

A

the amount of N2 retained after it has been digested and absorbed

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33
Q

what kind of quality of protein wastes AA as they are converted to urea and metabolizes carbons for energy

A

poor

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34
Q

Nt tyrosine is used to make

A

E and NE

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35
Q

Tryptophan s a precursor for

A

niacin and seratonin

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36
Q

what is Nitrogen balance

A

refers to N2 consumed vs N2 excreted

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37
Q

why is Nitrogen balance important

A

because protein is needed for growth & maintenance of all body tissues

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38
Q

when is positive N2 balance occurring in the body

A

during growth and pregnancy

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39
Q

when his negative N2 balance found in the body

A

during sickness, trauma, starvation, and if bedridden

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40
Q

which macronutrients have nitrogen and which don’t

A

protein has it but fats and carbs do not

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41
Q

explain nitrogen balance

A
  1. unused AA are broken down
  2. The liver takes the extra N and forms ammonia with three hydrogens
  3. The liver turns ammonia into urea
  4. the liver releases the urea into the blood
  5. The urea is sent to the kidneys to be filtered and urinated out
42
Q

does consuming more protein make you urinate more frequently

A

yes

43
Q

what are 8 functions of proteins in the body

A
  1. structural materials
  2. enzymes
  3. hormones
  4. fluid balance
  5. acid-base balance
  6. transportation
  7. antibodies
  8. energy and glucose
44
Q

the protein fibrin creates

A

blood clots

45
Q

the protein collagen

A

forms scars

46
Q

the protein opsin

A

participates in vision

47
Q

define enzymes

A

proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed

48
Q

what does the enzyme synthetase do

A

builds body structures

49
Q

why are enzymes called catalysts

A

because they’re not themselves changed by the reaction

50
Q

how do proteins play a role in fluid balance

A

they maintain proper distribution

51
Q

what does acid-base balance do

A

Acts as a buffer preventing acidosis and alkalosis

52
Q

Proteins protect one another by sequestering __ if too much or releasing if too little

A

H2

53
Q

what are antibodies

A

Proteins that act on foreign organisms and protect the body

54
Q

what does thyroxin do

A

controls metabolic rate

55
Q

what hormones are responsible for the support of lactation

A

oxytocin and prolactin

56
Q

what hormone(s) are responsible for the support of pregnancy

A

progesterone

57
Q

what hormone(s) are responsible for regulating blood calcium

A

calcitonin and PT hormone

58
Q

what hormone(s) are responsible for regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance

A

aldosterone, angiotensin, renin, and ADH

59
Q

how do proteins contribute to blood clotting

A

they form fibrin- an insoluble mass fo protein

60
Q

what vitamins/minerals are also involved in blood clotting

A

vitamin K and calcium

61
Q

what do transport proteins do

A

move nutrients and other proteins in and out of cells

62
Q

how can transport proteins be controlled

A

by hormones

63
Q

what are some structural examples of protein in the body

A

collagen which forms connective tissues as well as formations for bones and teeth. it also forms lean tissues such as ligaments and tendons

64
Q

how do proteins contribute to visual pigments

A

opsin is the protein of visual pigments. it changes its shape in response to light

65
Q

what is protein energy malnutrition (PEM)

A

a deficiency of both calories and protein

66
Q

what is the result of a high meat diet

A

heart disease

67
Q

__ levels are high in people who have heart disease

A

Homocysteine

68
Q

__ levels increase nitric oxide relaxes all your smooth muscles and vessels

A

Arginine

69
Q

what is the most widespread nutrition problem

A

PEM

70
Q

what is Kwashiorkor

A

a kind of PEM- they have enough calories just not enough protein

71
Q

what is marasmus

A

a condition where you don’t have enough protein and you don’t have enough calories

72
Q

any protein that does enter the body during Marasmus

A

needs to go to the brain and heart so it does not go to hormones, etc.

73
Q

what are some signs of Kwashiorkor

A

common in 18month to 2 year olds, bulging belly or limbs and face, loss of appetite, dry, brittle hair that loses its color, and sores that don’t heal

74
Q

what are some signs of marasmus

A

very thin, most common in children 6-18 months old, muscles wasted and weak, impaired brain development, decreased body temperature, GI tract atrophies.

75
Q

Severe deprivation over a long period of time would be

A

marasmus

76
Q

sudden and recent food deprivation would be

A

Kwashiorkor

77
Q

Typically sources that are higher in protein are higher in __ especially animal protein

A

fat

78
Q

how many kcal should come from protein

A

15-20 percent

79
Q

what is the recommended intake fo protein

A

.8g/kg of body weight

80
Q

how do you convert lbs to kg

A

lbs/2.2

81
Q

When pregnant you need __extra grams of protein

A

10

82
Q

what should be your percentage of daily protein intake

A

10-35%

83
Q

what is ova vegetarianism

A

ovo vegetarians do not eat anything that comes from an animal except they eat eggs

84
Q

legumes provide what kind of complementary proteins

A

isoleucine, lysine

85
Q

grains provide what kinds of complementary proteins

A

Methionine and tryptophan

86
Q

can fat cause cancer

A

no it does help it grow though

87
Q

how can food aid cancer

A

There is a risk if you grill your food and the food drops into the grill which make carcinogens

88
Q

what is dialysis

A

kidney failure

89
Q

what do doctors do to aid with kidney disease

A

put you on slightly lower protein problem is they start with really low protein and its really hard to get it back up

90
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

increase in calcium excretion

91
Q

how many grams of proteins equal one ounce

A

7

92
Q

how many grams of protein in an egg

A

7

93
Q

how many grams of protein in a cup of milk

A

8

94
Q

how many grams of protein in a starch

A

3

95
Q

how many grams of protein in a veggie serving

A

2

96
Q

how many grams of fat in a serving if fruit or fat

A

0

97
Q

__helps to reduce insomnia

A

tryptophan

98
Q

are amino acid supplements regulated by the government

A

no

99
Q

amino acids should not be used by who

A
  1. pregnant/lactating women
  2. infants, children, and adolescents
  3. people with mental or physical illness without medical supervision
  4. people with inborn errors of metabolism that affect handling of AA
  5. people on low protein diets
100
Q

what are nutritional genomics

A

they study your genes to see how you will absorb, use, and metabolize the nutrients you consume

101
Q

The Human Genome is a complete set of genetic material organized into ___chromasomes located in the __

A

46, cell nucleus

Nutrition (8 decks)

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