Exam 1 Flashcards
what is energy density?
the measure of the energy a nutrient provides relative to the weight of the food(kcal/gram)
the calorie of a food is determined by
the amount of heat it releases and transfers to water when completely burned.
micronutrients such as__ are required install amounts such as__a day
vitamins/minerals, milligrams/micrograms
AMDR stands for
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The ranges are Protein- 10-35%, CHO- 45-65%, and Fat- 20-35%.
what is the purpose of the AMDR
provide adequate nutrients and energy, and reduce the risk of chronic disease
do vitamins and minerals provide energy?
no
what are the water soluble vitamins
B+C
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
what are phytochemicals and their purpose
non-nutrient compounds found in plants. Some have biological activity in the body and act as antioxidants, suppress inflammation, etc, and may protect against certain diseases.
what are functional foods
foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions. This includes whole foods, fortified, and enriched foods. Examples include whole grains-fibers, oily fish-omega 3s, and fresh fruits-phytochemicals.
what are DRIs
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of values for the dietary nutrient intake of healthy people. They are used for assessing and planning diets. The goal is to protect against nutrient deficiencies and chronic diseases
DRIs include what other areas
Estimated Average Requirements(EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intakes(AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels(UL).
what is an EAR
Estimated Average Requirement(EAR) is the amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in ½ of the people of a given age and gender group.
what is an RDA
Recommended Daily Allowances(RDAs) is the average amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of almost all (98%) healthy people.
what is an AI
Adequate intakes-(AI) are set for nutrients where there is insufficient scientific evidence to determine an EAR which is needed to set an RDA. The average amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain health. Like the RDA, the AI may be used as a nutrient intake goal for individuals.
what are ULs
Tolerable intake levels are the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe and beyond which there is a risk of adverse health effects.
what is an EER
Estimated Energy Required(EER) is the average energy intake to maintain energy balance for healthy body weight and physical activity.
a primary deficiency is caused by what
inadequate diet
a secondary deficiency is caused by what
a problem inside the body
what is a nutritional assessment
a determination of a person’s nutritional status using dietary history, laboratory tests, physical evaluation, and anthropometric data.
experimental studies are held
in a lab
Food consumption surveys measure
the amounts and kinds of foods consumed, estimates nutrient intake and compares it with the DRIs
Nutrition status surveys evaluate
the nutrition status of groups of people using nutrition assessment tools.
The Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) studies
nutritional management of diseases and medical conditions as well as disease prevention and wellness and provide medical nutrition therapy (MNT)
chronic disease risk factors __ over time and __
persist, cluster
what are the top two cases of death
heart disease, cancers. strokes come in at 5th and diabetes mellitus at 7th
define adequacy
providing all the essential nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health.
_____translate the nutrient recommendations of DRIs into food recommendations. They are reviewed and revised as needed every __ years.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, five
The USDA food patterns include five major food groups which are
fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, milk, and milk products
Legumes are a subgroup of both __ and __ but actually belong in the __ group nutritionally.
vegetables, proteins, carbohydrate
what are discretionary calories
calories that you have after your adequate calories are reached.
what is the serving size for fruit
1 cup
what is the serving size for vegetables
1 cup
what is the serving size for grains
1 oz
what is the serving size for proteins
1 oz
what is the serving size for oils
1 tsp
what is the serving size for milk and milk products
1 cup
what is a portion size? is it a standard amount?
the quantity of food served or eaten at one meal or snack, no
what are some examples of additions in enriched foods
Iron, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Nacin, and Folate
what is a whole grain
A whole grain is a grain that maintains the same relative proportions of starch endosperm, germ and bran as the original( all but the husk)
the bran around a kernel of grain is rich in
nutrients and fiber
the endosperm contains
starch and proteins
the germ is
the seed that grows into a wheat plant. it is rich in vitamins
what are some examples of whole grains
amaranth, barley, buckwheat, bulgur, corn, oatmeal, quinoa, rice (brown or wild), whole rye, and whole wheat.
serving sizes are a role of
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and adjusts calculations according to the amount consumed.
what is required information in nutrition facts
total food energy; food energy from fat, total fat; saturated fat; trans fat; cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate; dietary fiber; sugars, protein, vitamin D, iron, calcium, and potassium.
Most foods are required to have food labels but exceptions include
those with few nutrients like coffee or tea, those produced by small businesses, and those prepared and sold in the same establishment.
true or false: FDA specific serving sizes are not the same as USDA food patterns and serving sizes.
true
Daily values are reference values developed by the __ specifically for use on food labels.
FDA
The percentage of a daily value recommendation found in a specified serving of food for key nutrients is based upon a __kcal diet.
2000
True or false: Nutrient claims must meet FDA definitions.
true
do structure function claims made with FDA approval?
no
Nutrient claims are
statements that characterize the quantity of a nutrient in a food.
Health claims are
statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and a disease or health-related condition and are FDA authorized.
Structure-function claims are
statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and a structure/body function
__ of the top ten causes of death are nutrition related.
Four
__ is the most overconsumed food group
Protein
__ is a good processed food
yogurt
of all the grains that you consume __ should be whole grains
50%
the __ of a grain provides the fiber
bran
the __ of a grain provides the starch and protein
endosperm
name the sphincter for digestion in order
upper esophageal sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter(cardiac), pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, anus
what is absorption
the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph from the GI tract into the blood or lymph.
The oral cavity includes the
lips, teeth, tongue, and palate.
what is the enzyme for starch in the saliva
salivary amylase
what are the 5 basic taste sensations
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory
The __ is the amount of food swallowed at one time.
bolus
what is the role of the LES
prevents reflux (backward flow of content).
The chyme is released to the small intestine through the __ sphincter.
pyloric
The small intestine is composed of three parts:
the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum
The __ duct opens into the small intestine. It allows secretions from the__ to release into the SI.
common bile, pancreas and gallbladder
The pancreatic duct conducts __(enzymes/bicarbonate) from the pancreas to the small intestine
pancreatic juice
The __ secretes things from other organs like bile made by the __ which is stored in the __
duodenum, liver, gall bladder
The ___ is responsible for breaking down fats, proteins, and carbs.
pancreas
The major site of absorption is the __
small intestine.
The large intestine includes the __ and__ which separates the small and large intestine.
colon, ileocecal valve
__ is the wavelike muscle contractions that push contents along the GI tract.
Peristalsis
__ is the periodic squeezing or partitions of the intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles.
Segmentation
how the pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream is an example of what kind of gland
endocrine
what five organs are associated with the secretions of digestion
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and small intestine
saliva begins __ digestion
carbohydrate
___ acts primarily in protein digestion
gastric juice
gastric juice is a mixture of
water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid
stomach protease functions in a __environment
acidic
pancreatic and small intestine enzymes function in an__environment
alkaline
Pancreatic juices and intestinal enzymes are released via __into the __
ducts, duodenum.
The enzymes from pancreatic juices act on __ energy nutrients
all three
__neutralizes the acidic chyme.
Sodium bicarbonate
Removal of the gall bladder is called a __
cholecystectomy.
__breaks down the protein in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Once a bolus gets a bunch of acid added to it it becomes
chyme.
The pyloric sphincter is at the bottom of the stomach and opens every three minutes so that gives it time to get some __
bicarbonate which comes from the pancreas.
__ are fingerlike projection from the folds of the small intestine.
Villi
__are tiny hairlike projections on each villus, they trap nutrients and transport them into cells
Microvilli
__are tubular glands that secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine.
Crypts
__ are cells of the GI tract that secrete mucus.
Goblet cells
what nutrients are absorbed via simple diffusion
water and small lipids
what nutrients are absorbed via facilitated diffusion
water soluble vitamins
what nutrients are absorbed via active transport
glucose and amino acids
products of fat digestion enter the bloodstream through
the subclavian system
Blood leaving the digestive system goes to the __ which returns blood to the heart
hepatic portal vein
The lymphatic system transports__
larger lipids and fat soluble vitamins
Lymph is a clear yellowish fluid that is almost identical to blood except that it contains
no RBCs or platelets.
Lymph collects in the __ and drains into the__ where it enters the bloodstream.
thoracic duct, subclavian vein
what are prebiotics
food components that are not digested but are used as food by the GI bacteria to promote growth and activity.
what are prebiotic in a simple term
food for the bacteria in your body
anything high in __ is prebiotic
fiber
what are some sources of prebiotics
fruits, vegetables an whole grains
what are probiotics
the “good” bacteria or live cultures like those in your gut.
what are sources of probiotics
fermented dairy foods like yogurt, kimchi, sauerkraut, miso, tempeh
peptic ulcers are also called
gastric or duodenal ulcers
what are some causes of peptic ulcers
a bacterial infection, anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive gastric acid secretion.
what is Zollinger Ellison syndrome
when someone makes so much acid the their mucus can’t keep up
what is diverticulosis
little pockets that pop out from the colon.
what will help with diverticulosis
high fiber diet
