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Nutrition > Fat soluble vitamins > Flashcards

Fat soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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2
Q

how are fat soluble vitamins different from water soluble vitamins

A
  1. Require bile for absorption
  2. Travel thru lymphatic system within chylomicrons before entering bloodstream
  3. Many require protein carriers in bloodstream
  4. Excess stored in liver & adipose tissue
  5. Not readily excreted
  6. Greater risk of toxicity
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3
Q

Upper limits have been established for what vitamins

A

A,D, and E

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4
Q

what is the alcohol form of vitamin A

A

retinol

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5
Q

what are is the precursor for vitamin A

A

beta carotene

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6
Q

what is carotenoid

A

orange pigment found in plants

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7
Q

T/F beta carotene also acts as an antioxidant

A

true

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8
Q

how is vitamin A transported

A

retinol binding protein

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9
Q

how does vitamin a transportation work

A

retinol binding protein picks up vitamin a from the liver and carries it in the blood

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10
Q

what are some forms of retinoids

A
  1. retinol
  2. retinal
  3. retinoic acid
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11
Q

what does retinol do

A

major storage form; important for reproduction

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12
Q

what does retinal do

A

aldehyde form of vitamin A; vision

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13
Q

what does retinoid acid do

A

acid form; hormones/growth

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14
Q

retinoids are converted to __ in the intestine

A

retinol

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15
Q

Foods from animals provide ___ readily digested and absorbed as retinol in the intestine

A

retinyl esters

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16
Q

foods from __ provide carotenes

A

plants

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17
Q

Beta carotene can be split to form retinol in the

A

intestine and liver

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18
Q

__can be converted to other active forms of vitamin A

A

Retinol and Retinal

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19
Q

Vitamin A is transported from the __ to the _

A

lymphatic system, liver

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20
Q

__transports vitamin A from the liver in the blood

A

Retinol Binding Protein (RBP)

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21
Q

Cells using vitamin A have

A

special protein receptors for it

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22
Q

what are the primary functions of vitamin A

A
  1. Promote vision (retinal)
  2. Protein synthesis & cell differentiation
    - Health of epithelial tissues and skin
  3. Support reproduction (retinol)
  4. Acts as hormone regulating growth, cell differentiation, embryonic development (retinoic acid)
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23
Q

how does vitamin A support vision health

A
  1. Maintains clear cornea
  2. Participates in conversion
    of light energy into nerve impulses in the retina
  3. Rhodopsin:
    light sensitive pigment of the retina (contains retinal form of Vitamin A & protein opsin)
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24
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

Process by which each type of cell develops to perform a specific function

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25
Q

what tissues are on the outside of the skin

A

skin-Epithelial tissue

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26
Q

what tissues are on the inside

A

Inside-Mucous membranes

mucus-secreting cells; line the surfaces of body tissues

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27
Q

Vitamin A promotes differentiation of

A

epithelial cells & goblet cells (secrete & synthesize mucus)

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28
Q

what does mucus do

A

coats & protects epithelial cells from microorganisms and harmful substances

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29
Q

Retinol participates in __development

A

sperm

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30
Q

Vitamin A supports __ in pregnancy

A

normal fetal development

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31
Q

90% of vitamin A stored in the

A

liver

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32
Q

what vitamin inhibits replication of measles

A

A

33
Q

what are some results of vitamin A deficiency

A

night blindness, blindness, keratinization

34
Q

what are some symptoms of vitamin A deficiency

A

painful joints, impaired enamel formation, cracks in teeth

35
Q

what causes night blindness

A

Retina does not receive enough retinal to regenerate the visual pigments bleached by light

36
Q

what causes Xerophthalmia

A

lack of Vitamin A in the Cornea

37
Q

what is a major cause of childhood blindness

A

lack of vitamin a in the cornea

38
Q

define xerosis

A

Cornea becomes dry/hard due to inadequate mucus production

39
Q

define keratomalacia

A

Softening of the cornea leading to irreversible blindness

40
Q

how does vitamin A toxicity occur

A

when binding proteins are loaded

41
Q

what kind of vitamin A cannot become toxic

A

beta carotene from foods

42
Q

what are some vitamin A toxicity consequences

A

bone defects, birth defects

43
Q

what does RAE stand for

A

retinol activity equivalents

44
Q

what does IU stand for

A

International Units

45
Q

what are some vitamin A food sources

A

dark leafy greens, yellow or orange fruits and vegetables, liver; 1 oz of beef liver provides more than 3Xs the RDA for Vitamin A

46
Q

can the body synthesize vitamin D from sunlight

A

yes

47
Q

is vitamin D a hormone

A

yes

48
Q

what are the two forms of vitamin D

A

D2 ergocalciferol from plant foods and D3 cholecalciferol from animal foods and skin synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol

49
Q

is vitamin D essential

A

no

50
Q

vitamin d needs what organs for synthesis and activation

A

liver and kidneys

51
Q

what is the active form of vitamin D and what activates it

A

calciferol, the kidneys and liver need to process it

52
Q

what re the roles of vitamin D

A 
Bone Growth
1. Maintenance of blood calcium and phosphorus levels
2. Assists in absorption of calcium and phosphorus from GI tract
3. If diet insufficient, vitamin D causes 
-Reabsorption in kidneys
-Mobilization from bones into blood
Other roles in cells in: 
-Brain & nervous system
-Reproductive organs
-Muscles and cartilage
-Pancreas
-Skin
-Immune system
53
Q

how much fo the population is vitamin d deficient

A

10%

54
Q

what are some diseases a result of vitamin D

A
  1. Rickets
  2. Osteomalacia
  3. Osteoporosis
55
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of rickets

A

bowed legs and beaded ribs

56
Q

who is at risk of vitamin D deficiency

A
  1. Elderly
  2. Dark skinned
  3. Breastfed infants without supplementation
    - Supplement with 400 IU/day
  4. Lack of sunlight
  5. Living above 40ᵒ latitude in northern hemisphere (or below 40ᵒ latitude in southern hemisphere)
  6. Not using fortified milk
57
Q

what are the results of Vitamin D toxicity

A
  1. Raises concentration of blood calcium
    - Excess precipitates into soft tissues, forming stones
    - Kidneys stones
  2. Calcifies/hardens blood vessels
  3. Dangerous especially to brain, heart & lungs- can cause death
58
Q

what are some food sources of Vitamin D

A
  1. Fortified milk
  2. Fortified margarine
  3. Fish canned with bones
  4. 2 cups fortified milk daily
  5. Egg yolks/oily fish (salmon, sardines, mackerel)
59
Q

Sunscreens with SPF > __prevent vitamin D synthesis

A

8

60
Q

do lighter or darker people require more sun exposer

A

darker

61
Q

what is the general term for several related compounds to vitamin E

A

tocopherol

62
Q

what is the active vitamin E compound in the human body

A

alpha-tocopherol

63
Q

the RDA for vitamin E is based on __ only

A

alpha-tocopherol

64
Q

what destroys vitamin E

A

heat and oxidation

65
Q

what do antioxidants do

A
  1. Stops the chain reaction of free radicals producing more free radicals
  2. Prevents the oxidation of PUFAs
  3. Protects other lipids and related compounds
  4. Reduces the risk of heart disease by protecting LDL against oxidation and reducing inflammation
66
Q

are vitamin E deficiencies rare

A

yes

67
Q

Vitamin E deficiencies are usually associated with diseases that result in

A

fat malabsorption

68
Q

what are some conditions that can result from vitamin E deficiency

A
  1. erythrocyte hemolysis in premature infants
  2. Hemolytic anemia- condition of too few RBCs as a result of erythrocyte hemolysis.
  3. Neuromuscular dysfunction
    involving spinal cord and retina of the eye
    Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes and impaired vision and speech
69
Q

what are some conditions that respond to vitamin E supplementation

A
  1. Fibrocystic breast disease
  2. Lumps in breasts
  3. Intermittent claudication
    Severe calf pain that is caused by inadequate blood supply
70
Q

what are some results of vitamin E toxicity

A
  1. Rare- liver regulates
  2. Interference with blood clotting of vitamin K
  3. Enhance the effects of anti-clotting drugs causing hemorrhage
71
Q

what are some food sources for vitamin E

A
  1. Polyunsaturated plant oils (Vegetable oils)
  2. Margarine
  3. Salad dressings
  4. Dark, leafy greens
  5. Wheat germ
  6. Liver
  7. Egg yolk
  8. Nuts/seeds
72
Q

is vitamin K essential

A

no, because it is made in your gut and meets about 50% of your needs

73
Q

__ is part of the clotting process

A

prothrombin

74
Q

what are some of the purposes of vitamin K

A

blood clotting, essential in prothrombin, metabolism of bone proteins

75
Q

what kind of deficiency is more common for vitamin K

A

secondary, fat malabsorption

76
Q

what can disrupt vitamin K synthesis

A

antibiotics and anticoagulant drugs

77
Q

newborns require what kind of vitamin injection

A

K

78
Q

is there an upper limit for vitamin K

A

no

79
Q

what are some food sources for vitamin K

A
  1. Liver
  2. Leafy greens
  3. Cabbage family
    Smaller amounts in
    -Milk
    -Meats
    -Eggs
    -Cereals
    -Fruits
    -Vegetables

Nutrition (8 decks)

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