Water Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Digesting and Absorbing water soluble vitamins

Answer 1

WSVs are hydrolyzed in the stomach and then absorbed in the upper part of the SI (other than B12, which is in the ileum), and then is sent into portal vein, and then transported to the liver where they are either stored (B12) or go straight into systemic circulation.
- Any excess WSVs are excreted in the urine.

Question 2

What is the role of most vitamins?

Answer 2

They function as components of specific coenzymes.

Question 3

B vitamin mnemonic

Answer 3

The Rhythm Nearly Proved Fully Contagious

Question 4

What’s its of foods haveThiamine ?

Answer 4

Whole grain products

Question 5

What vitamin will often be deficient in alcoholics?

Answer 5

Thiamine

Question 6

Functions of Thaimine

Answer 6

Acts in the TCA cycle to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. Essential for normal functioning of heart, muscles, and nervous system.

Question 7

Symptoms of B1 deficiency

Answer 7

Beriberi

- general symptoms - poor appetite, irritability, apathy, confusion, and weight loss

Question 8

Beriberi

Answer 8

2 types, Both due to a B1 deficiency, wet and dry:

Wet - edema due to cardiovascular problems
Dry - muscle wasting, neurological disorders

Question 9

What foods have B2 (riboflavin) in them?

Answer 9

Milk products, liver

Question 10

WHat form of riboflavin will we see in the body?

Answer 10

FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) mostly but some FMN (flavin mononucleotide)

Question 11

Functions of FADH2/riboflavin/B2

Answer 11

They act as prosthetic groups in oxidative phosphorylation and the TCA cycle. HEavily involved in Redox reactions.

Question 12

Deficiency of B2

Answer 12

Inflammation of membranes –> sore throat, cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, bloodshot eyes, sensitivity to light.
- cheilosis is cracks at corners of mouth
- stomatitis - inflammation of mouth and lips.
Seborrheic dermatitis - causes flaky, white to yellowish scales on oily areas such as the scalp, face, or inside of ear.

Question 13

Where can you find B3 (niacin)

Answer 13

Protein rich foods

Question 14

What form of B3 will we mostly see in the body?

Answer 14

Nicotinamide, NAD, NADP.

- can also be made from tryptophan in the body..

Question 15

Function of B3

Answer 15

Redox reactions

Question 16

Deficiency of B3

Answer 16

Leads to 4Ds called pellagra - diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death.
- can be seen in alcoholics and in people with corn-asked diets.

Mnemonic - 3 leads to 4

Question 17

Toxicity from B3

Answer 17

Often used to lower LDL.

- you can get flushing and itching

Question 18

Bioavailability - factors that influence it

Answer 18

Amount actually absorbed and used in the body, which differs based on: efficiency of digestion and transit time in the GI tract, method of food prep, previous nutrient intake, source of nutrient, and other foods consumed at the same time.

Question 19

Where can we Find B6 (pyridoxine))

Answer 19

Protein rich foods and starchy vegetables.

Question 20

Forms of B6

Answer 20

Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxmine –> pyridoxal phosphate

- stored exclusively in muscle tissue.

Question 21

Function of B6

Answer 21

AA metabolism, urea metabolism, synthesis of heme, and converts tryptophan to niacin (B3), synthesis of neurotransmitters.

Question 22

B6 deficiency

Answer 22

Very rare - can occur if women feeds a baby a formula low in B6, could happen in alcoholics, could happen due to oral contraceptives
- most importantly, it can happen due to takin isoniazid, which is used to treat Tb as well as penicillamine which treats Rheumatoid arthritis.
Symptoms - cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, depression, confusion

Question 23

B6 toxicity

Answer 23

Nerve degeneration

Question 24

Where can we find B9

Answer 24

Dark leafy vegetables

Question 25

Function of B9

Answer 25

Synthesis of DNA and RNA | - also regenerates methionine from homocysteine

Question 26

B9 deficiency

Answer 26

Causes macrocytic anemia, weakness, fatigue, headache, palpitations, and SOB - also associated with heart disease due to increased homocysteine.

Question 27

What can occur if a pregnant woman doesn't take folate supplements?

Answer 27

Neural tube defects such as spina bifida

Question 28

Where can we find B12 (cobalamin)

Answer 28

Foods of animal origin

Question 29

Digestion of B12

Answer 29

1) salivary glands produce R 2) R travels to the stomach with B12, which is still bound to protein 3) B12 is then released from the protein and binds to R to protest it from the acidic environment. 4) IF is released from parietal cells in the stomach and moves to the SI with the R/B12 complex. 5) pancreatic enzymes cleave R-protein allowing B12 to bind to IF. 6) at the ileum B12 is internalized because there are IF receptors there.

Question 30

Function of B12

Answer 30

Regeneration of methionine, synthesis of DNA and RNA. - helps maintain nerve cells - works in concert with Folate (B9).

Question 31

B12 deficiency

Answer 31

Can occur due to vegan diet or decreased IF, decreased R, decreased gastric acid, or removal of terminal ileum. pernicious anemia - where you have autoimmune inactivating of IF causing B12 deficiency Symptoms - megaloblastic anemia, nerve damage (tingling in extremities), painful swollen tongue.

Question 32

Biotin (B7) | Deficiency?

Answer 32

Coenzyme for ABC carboxylase. A = ATP , B = biotin , C = carbon dioxide - deficiency will cause hair loss, rash, convulsions, impaired growth. - -- often occurs due to biotinidase enzyme deficiency or excessive egg consumption

Question 33

``` Pantothenic acid (B5) Sources, form, functions ```

Answer 33

Sources - meat, milk, veggies Form - CoA or acyl carrier Functions - synthesis of fatty acids, Triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and cetolcholene. Involved in synthesis of cell membrane.

Question 34

Interactions among B-vitamins

Answer 34

- Folate and B12 - riboflavin converts B6 (pyridoxine) to PLP - robiflavin and PLP are required to convert tryptophan into niacin

Question 35

Sources of Vitamin C

Answer 35

Citrus fruits and some veggies

Question 36

Functions of vitamin C

Answer 36

- Formation of collagen --> therefore it strengthens bone, blood vessels, and anchors teeth into the gums and acts in tissue repair and would healing. - antioxidant - synthesis of NTs - important in fatty acid degradation - increases bioavailability of iron.

Question 37

What are the two enzymes involved in he hydroxylation reactions in collagen synthesis?

Answer 37

Prolyl hydroxylase Lysyl hydroxylase - vitamin C is a cofactor in both of these rxns.

Question 38

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 38

Scurvy - muscle weakness, joint pain, impaired wound healing, loose teeth, bleeding and swollen gums, bruised skin, fatigue

Question 39

Vitamin C toxicity

Answer 39

Oxaloacetate kidney stones