Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
SOurces of Vitamin A
Animals –> retinyl ester
Plants –> beta carotene
- Final product is retinoic acid
Different in structure of the various vitamin A forms
Retinol - alcohol at end of tail
Retinal - aldehyde at end
Retinoic acid - carboxylic acid on end
Reta-carotene - two retinal esters joined together
Function of Vitamin A
Vision, skin, immunity, antiioxidant
Function of each type of vitamin A
RetinOl - repro
Retinal - vision
Retinoic acid - cell differentiation, growth, and embryo development
Beta-carotene - antioxidant
Pharmacological use of retinoids
13-cis Retinoic acid (acutane) Retinoic acid (promyelocytic anemia)
Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness
Blindness
Keratinization - dry rough scaly skin
Impaired immunity
Vitamin A toxicity
Birth defects due to Retinoic acid analogs for acne or psoriasis
Symptoms of beta carotene excess
Yellowing of the skin, no other issues.
Vitamin D sources
Sun light
Fish
Mushrooms
FUnctions of vitamin D
Increased calcium reabsorption
Bone health
BP regulation (zachow)
VItamin D deficiency
Rickets in children
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Not enough vitamin D
Growth retardation with misshaped bones and law muscles and muscle spasms.
Osteoporosis/osteomalacia
Affects adults who don’t get enough vitamin D
Occurs from chronic kidney disease
Causes soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones
Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
Vitamin D toxicities
Only occurs from supplementation. Can have calcification so nice tissues such as blood vessels, heart, kidney, lung, and around joints.
Vitamin E real name
Tocopherol
Sources of vitamin E
Nuts and oils
Function of vitamin E
Lipid soluble antioxidant
- protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids within cell membrane from peroxidation
- inhibition of platelet aggregation and monocytes adhesion.
- assisting in maintenance of fertility.
Vitamin E toxicity
It can interfere with Vitamin K formation at very high doses.
Can also cause nerve damage
Vitamin K real name
Menaquinones
Phylloquinones
SOurces of vitamin K
Menaquinones- Synthesized in the gut
Fish oils and meats
Phylloquinones - green leafy veggies
Function of Vitamin K
Blood clotting
Bone mineralization + required cofactor for enzymes involved in post translational carboxylation of glutamates
Vitamin K deficiency
Newborn infants receive a vitamin K shot at biatch because of a sterile intestinal tract.
- hemorrhaging, bruisability mucosal bleeding
How do we digest and absurd fat soluble vitamins
1) . Vitamins bound to proteins are released in the stomach
2) in the SI, fat soluble vitamins form micelles and with bile salts.
3) They ended the intestinal enterocytes where they are packaged into chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic system
4) Once in the lymphatic system they travel up the thoracic duct and enter the left subclavian vein to enter into blood circulation.
