Fat Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

SOurces of Vitamin A

Answer 1

Animals –> retinyl ester
Plants –> beta carotene
- Final product is retinoic acid

Question 2

Different in structure of the various vitamin A forms

Answer 2

Retinol - alcohol at end of tail
Retinal - aldehyde at end
Retinoic acid - carboxylic acid on end
Reta-carotene - two retinal esters joined together

Question 3

Function of Vitamin A

Answer 3

Vision, skin, immunity, antiioxidant

Question 4

Function of each type of vitamin A

Answer 4

RetinOl - repro
Retinal - vision
Retinoic acid - cell differentiation, growth, and embryo development
Beta-carotene - antioxidant

Question 5

Pharmacological use of retinoids

Answer 5

13-cis Retinoic acid (acutane)
Retinoic acid (promyelocytic anemia)

Question 6

Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 6

Night blindness
Blindness
Keratinization - dry rough scaly skin
Impaired immunity

Question 7

Vitamin A toxicity

Answer 7

Birth defects due to Retinoic acid analogs for acne or psoriasis

Question 8

Symptoms of beta carotene excess

Answer 8

Yellowing of the skin, no other issues.

Question 9

Vitamin D sources

Answer 9

Sun light
Fish
Mushrooms

Question 10

FUnctions of vitamin D

Answer 10

Increased calcium reabsorption
Bone health
BP regulation (zachow)

Question 11

VItamin D deficiency

Answer 11

Rickets in children

Osteoporosis

Question 12

Rickets

Answer 12

Not enough vitamin D

Growth retardation with misshaped bones and law muscles and muscle spasms.

Question 13

Osteoporosis/osteomalacia

Answer 13

Affects adults who don’t get enough vitamin D
Occurs from chronic kidney disease
Causes soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones
Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs

Question 14

Vitamin D toxicities

Answer 14

Only occurs from supplementation. Can have calcification so nice tissues such as blood vessels, heart, kidney, lung, and around joints.

Question 15

Vitamin E real name

Answer 15

Tocopherol

Question 16

Sources of vitamin E

Answer 16

Nuts and oils

Question 17

Function of vitamin E

Answer 17

Lipid soluble antioxidant

• protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids within cell membrane from peroxidation
• inhibition of platelet aggregation and monocytes adhesion.
• assisting in maintenance of fertility.

Question 18

Vitamin E toxicity

Answer 18

It can interfere with Vitamin K formation at very high doses.
Can also cause nerve damage

Question 19

Vitamin K real name

Answer 19

Menaquinones

Phylloquinones

Question 20

SOurces of vitamin K

Answer 20

Menaquinones- Synthesized in the gut
Fish oils and meats

Phylloquinones - green leafy veggies

Question 21

Function of Vitamin K

Answer 21

Blood clotting

Bone mineralization + required cofactor for enzymes involved in post translational carboxylation of glutamates

Question 22

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 22

Newborn infants receive a vitamin K shot at biatch because of a sterile intestinal tract.
- hemorrhaging, bruisability mucosal bleeding

Question 23

How do we digest and absurd fat soluble vitamins

Answer 23

1) . Vitamins bound to proteins are released in the stomach
2) in the SI, fat soluble vitamins form micelles and with bile salts.
3) They ended the intestinal enterocytes where they are packaged into chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic system
4) Once in the lymphatic system they travel up the thoracic duct and enter the left subclavian vein to enter into blood circulation.